5. The lengthening of a vowel sound shall be indicated by the '_accent circonflexe_' (^), and the shortening by an '_apostrophe_' ('). 6. The consonants _b_, _d_, _f_, _j_, _k_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _p_, _q_, _r_, _t_, _v_, and _z_ are pronounced as in French. 7. _g_ and _s_ have always the hard French sound, as in _gamelle_, _sirop_. 8. The sound represented in France by _ch_ shall be written _sh_. Examples: _Kashgar_, _Shérif_. 9. _Kh_ represents the strong and _gh_ the soft Arabic guttural. 10. _Th_ shall represent the articulation in the English word _path_ (Greek theta), and _dh_ the sound of _th_ in the English word _those_ (Greek delta). 11. Unless the letter _h_ is employed to modify the sound of the letter preceding it, it shall always be aspirated; it should, therefore, never have an apostrophe in names beginning with it. 12. The _i_ semi-vowel shall be represented by an y, pronounced as in _yole_. 13. The semi-vowel _w_ is to be pronounced as in the English word _Williams_. 14. The double sounds _dj_, _tch_, _ts_ shall be written with the letters which represent the sounds of which they are composed. Example: _Matshim_. 15. The _ñ_, n with a _tilde_, is to be pronounced like _gn_ in _seigneur_. 16. The letters _x_, _c_, and _q_ are not to be employed as duplicates, but the letter q may serve to represent the Arabian _qaf_, and the _aïn_ could be represented by a double dot. The idea is to indicate, by means of the characters above given as near as possible the local pronunciation without attempting a complete reproduction of all sounds heard. GERMAN SYSTEM. _Rules adopted in 1888 by the Imperial German Hydrographic Office, for the orthography and pronunciation of foreign geographic names._ The names from nations who use the Roman or German alphabet are to be rendered in the native form, excepting such for which a German orthography has been generally adopted, as Kopenhagen, Neapel, Genna, etc. Other foreign names which are generally known and whose orthography has been generally adopted, as Zanzibar, not _Sansibar_; Zulu, not _Sulu_, will not be changed. The letters are pronounced as follows: a, as _a_ in _Vater_. å, between _a_ and _o_ (_Åland's Inseln_). e, as in _Eden_. i, as in _Ida_. o, as in _Brot_. u, as in _nur_. ä, (æ, Ae) retain their German sounds. ö, (oe, Oe) retain their German sounds. ü, (ue, Ue) retain their German sounds. ai, as in _Kaiser_. au, as in _auch_. ao, not quite as _one_ sound. ei, as in _Ei_. b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x and z retain their German sounds. f, retains its German sound; also for _ph_, but the latter will not be used. c, always soft (as _z_). For the sound of _k_, _c_ is not to be used. j [with umlaut], for the English _j_ (_dj_). q, will not be used; it is replaced by _k_; respectively by _ku_. ch, as _tsch_. sh, as _sch_. y, is only used for the consonantal sound, not for _i_.