The reader is now asked to prepare himself for the transition from languages of a monosyllabic type, to languages other than monosyllabic; and from aptotic tongues to tongues where the inflections are numerous. He is also asked to prepare himself for a transition, in the way of physical conformation, from a structure _approaching_ the Mongol type, to one essentially and typically Mongol. In the former case the change is greater than in the latter. Why is this? Why do not the changes go _pari passu_, so that the two tests should coincide, and so that it should be a matter of indifference which of the two we started with? We get at the answer to this by remembering that _physical changes and philological changes, may go on at different rates_. A thousand years may pass over two nations undoubtedly of the same origin; and which were, at the beginning of those thousand years, of the same complexion, form, and language. At the end of those thousand years there shall be a difference. With one the language shall have changed rapidly, the physical structure slowly. With the other the physical conformation shall have been modified by a quick succession of external influences, whilst the language shall have stayed as it was. _With an assumed or proved original identity on each side, the difference in the rate of action on the part of the different influences, is the key to all discrepancies between the two tests. The language may remain_ in statu quo, _whilst the hair, complexion, and bones change; or the hair, complexion, and osteology may remain_ in statu quo, _whilst the language changes_. Apparently this leaves matters in an unsatisfactory condition; in a way which allows the ethnologist any amount of assumption he chooses. Apparently it does so; but it does so in appearance only. In reality we have ways and means of determining which of the two changes is the likelier. We know what modifies _form_. Change of latitude, climate, sea-level, conditions of subsistence, conditions of clothing, &c., do this; all (or nearly all) such changes being physical. We know, too, (though in a less degree) what modifies _language_. New wants gratified by objects with new names, new ideas requiring new terms, increased intercourse between man and man, tribe and tribe, nation and nation, &c. do this; all (or _nearly_ all) such changes being of a moral nature. Hence in some cases we can ascertain upon which of the two elements of our classification, the physical or the moral, the greatest amount of influences has been at work. It is necessary to remark upon these points because it is only _physically_ that the tribes of the present division are nearest akin to those of the previous ones. Had similarity of language been the test, a different and a more distant class of nations would have formed the subject of the present section. THE MONGOLIAN BRANCH OF THE TURANIAN STOCK.