=Difference between Weight and Pressure of the Air.= Air at sea level and at 32° temperature weighs one and one third ounces per cubic foot. A room twenty by twenty by ten feet contains some 333 pounds of air. The pressure of the air is a quite different thing. It is the sum of the weights of all the cubic feet of air that are stacked up, one on top of the other, clear to the top of the atmosphere. This is why the higher one goes, the less the pressure of the air, because there are a less number of cubic feet above. And then each cubic foot weighs a slight fraction less than the one just beneath it because the air has expanded. The room afore-mentioned sustains a pressure of 5880 on its floor and a like pressure on its ceiling, and a half of this pressure on each of the sides of the room. The room does not collapse because the air exerts a like pressure on the outside of the room and the two pressures are equal—one inward and the other outward. [Illustration: FIG. 7.—Mercurial Barometer. The glass tube on right is filled with mercury. With the thumb over the open end, it is reversed so that its open end rests under the surface in a basin of mercury on the left, and the mercury in the tube falls to _n_, at which point it is sustained by pressure of the air on surface of the mercury in the basin.] =The Principle of the Barometer.= In 1643 some Florentine gardeners found that they could pump water only thirty-three feet high. This is because the entire volume of air, if it were compressed to the density of water, would equal a covering around the earth of that depth. When the gardeners first began to work the plungers in their pump up and down they did not get water; it was necessary for them first to pump out all the air in the pipe leading down to the water in the well; then the water rose into the vacuum thus created, and it rose to a height that just balanced the weight or pressure of the whole body of air that rests upon the earth. Now, if the atmosphere surrounding the earth could be reduced to the density of mercury it would equal a covering only thirty inches deep; this is why the mercury normally stands at thirty inches high in the vertical vacuum tube of the barometer. (Figure 7.) In the complete barometer a graduated scale is attached so as to measure the fluctuations in the height of the mercury. If one were to ascend in a balloon it would be found that the mercury would steadily fall with increasing altitude, until at eighteen thousand feet one half of the atmosphere would be left below and the instrument would read only fifteen inches instead of thirty. In ascending to the top of the Washington Monument, 555 feet, the pressure of the air decreases over one half inch.