Germany -- History -- Revolution, 1918; Germany -- Politics and government -- 1918-1933
The Government had promised that socialisation was to be established
in the Constitution; but Art. 156 of the Constitution does no more
than give the State the power to "socialise" and syndicalise industry,
while Art. 155 says that private royalties are to be legislatively
transferred to the State.
Therefore, in spite of plaintive posters, it is not communistic
socialisation, but capitalistic syndicalisation, that has been
introduced in Germany. While loudly proclaiming a step forward, the
Government has taken a long stride back.[E]
"Socialisation" has not as yet affected the economic basis of the
Prussianism that we have been fighting. This basis was a coalition
between the old political interest of the landed proprietors and the
new political interest of the captains of industry, or, to express it
shortly, between the Junkers and the Jews. The free trade and
liberalism that kept Great Britain from "Prussianism" in spite of the
power retained by a few feudal families and the landed gentry was due
to the different relationship in England between the upper and middle
classes. In England our "Junkers" and "Jews" coalesced during our
great industrial development, perhaps because our upper class had
already more Jews than Junkers. In Germany they remained apart but
combined for their own interests. We have seen to what extent the
revolution has threatened the economic authority of the captain of
industry--the industrial profiteer. Is the feudal landed proprietor
also threatened?
The first effort of the revolution further east in Russia, Hungary and
the Baltic States has been to "socialise" land. Either, where the
agricultural industry is primitive, as in Russia, by simply dividing
up the land among the peasants, or where it is progressive, as in the
model-farm estates of Hungary, by putting the estate under control of
a council of workers as though it was a factory. But in Germany the
urban character of the revolution, which has accounted for the
comparative ease with which the Government have coerced it, is shown
by land tenure being as yet little affected. The only definite action
against the large landed estates, that I know of, is a measure of the
Prussian Assembly postponing action until 1921. This characteristic
procrastination is, of course, explained to the revolutionaries as
merely allowing a short period for voluntary breaking up of the big
estates, and to the reactionaries as a postponement of all action.
Meantime financial conditions in Germany are quite as favourable to
the dispersal of large estates as with us; for wherever the farming
system obtains the farmers have made even larger fortunes in Germany
than in England. But the system of landed tenure is much more varied
in Germany. There is a large proportion of freeholders and
copyholders, while big estates are farmed by bailiffs with hired
labourers.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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