REMOVED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A. D. 1880, AND ERECTED IN NEW YORK CITY JANUARY 22, 1881. THIRD CRAB, FIRST CLAW: PRESENTED TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BY ISMAIL, KHEDIVE OF EGYPT. {83}THIRD CRAB, SECOND CLAW: RUTHERFORD BURCHARD HAYES, PRESIDENT; WILLIAM MAXWELL EVARTS, SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. FOURTH CRAB, FIRST CLAW: THE COST OF REMOVING FROM EGYPT AND PLACING ON THIS SPOT THIS OBELISK, PEDESTAL, AND BASE, WAS BORNE BY WILLIAM H. VANDERBILT. FOURTH CRAB, SECOND CLAW: LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER HENRY H. GORRINGE, UNITED STATES NAVY, DESIGNED THE PLANS FOR AND SUPERINTENDED THE REMOVAL AND RE-ERECTION. {84}CHAPTER VIII. EGYPT: ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND ITS CITIES. Egypt, called by its former inhabitants [glyphs] QEM·T, "_the black land_", on account of the richness and color of its soil, and by the Greeks [Greek: Aiguptos] [Aiguptos], has been correctly and appropriately described by the ancients as "a gift of the river Nile", which flows throughout its entire length. Lying between two vast tracts of desert land, and encompassed by immense ranges of mountains, the Nile is its only source of life and means of support. The country was divided from time immemorial into two large sections, Upper and Lower Egypt. The Hebrew name of Egypt, [Hebrew: MITSRAYIM] [Mizrayim], being a dual form, forcibly reminds us of this division. These two sections were at various times of Egyptian history independent principalities, and governed by different Pharaohs. Whenever the two sections had one and the same ruler, he was always called [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT?, "_the king of Upper and Lower Egypt_", Upper Egypt as the more important of the two always being mentioned first. These sections were again subdivided into "_nomes_" (from the Greek word [Greek: nomos] [nomos] "_a province_"), and each of them had its capital, governor, local deities, sacred animals, and sacred trees. {85}[Illustration] {86}UPPER EGYPT, called by the Egyptians [glyphs] PA TA RES "_the land of the South_", began in the south at the island of Philæ and extended as far as the Delta in the north. It is called "Upper", being bounded by mountains and highlands, as opposed to the low land of the north or "Lower" Egypt. This section of the country comprised 22 nomes. Following the course of the Nile some of the principal places and cities are: _Philæ_, in Egyptian [glyphs] AAREQ·T or [glyphs] PIREQ, one of the southern islands of the First Cataract, with the ruins of the magnificent temple of the goddess Isis, the fragment of an obelisk, and other monumental structures. _Elephantine_, in Egyptian [glyphs] ÂB·T "_the ivory-island_", the northernmost island in the First Cataract, opposite the modern Assuân. On it was situated the capital bearing the same name, ÂB, with the famous Nilometer and a splendid temple of Khnum, the local deity of the island.