CALIPH. A title of a high dignitary among the Mohammedans. The Arabic form is [Arabic: KHLYFH] _Khalifa_, which means "the successor of the Prophet (Mohammed)". ^{80} CAMBYSES. A king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 527 B. C., overthrowing and putting to death Psametik III. He was a ruthless destroyer of Egyptian monuments and acted like a demoniac. His name is ^{1} suten-kaut? Mesuth-Râ sa Râ Kembathet The King of Upper "The son the Sun's "Cambyses". and Lower Egypt, of Ra", offspring, CAMPENSIS OBELISK. Also called the Monte Citorio {107}Obelisk in Rome. It stood formerly on the Campus Martius, whence its name. Erected by Psametik II. in Heliopolis, and removed by the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. to Rome, it was found broken in five pieces in 1748, and was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1792. Unlike the other obelisks it has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. ^{9} (^{25}) CARKHEMISH. A city on the Euphrates and the capital of the vast Hittite empire, now called Jerablûs. It is also mentioned in the Bible (Isa. x:9; Jer. xlvii:2; II Chron. xxxv:20). Many important battles were fought at this place. On the Egyptian monuments it is called [glyphs] KARUKAMSHA. ^{36} CARTOUCHE [pronounced kartoósh]. An oval ring or seal containing the Pharaoh's name. The Egyptian figure of it is [glyphs] REN, which means "a name". Every king had two such cartouches, the first being his royal or divine name which he adopted on his accession to the throne, and the second being the family name which he bore as prince. The first is generally introduced by the phrase "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt_", and the second by "_The son of Ra_". The cartouches may be written in vertical or horizontal lines; thus [glyphs] or [glyphs] This is the usual form though variants are not of infrequent occurrence. These cartouches would also sometimes contain the names of gods, goddesses, queens, princes, and princesses, when the phrases introducing them were changed accordingly. [Also spelled _cartouch_.] ^{36 37 38 39 49 57 71} CATANIA OBELISK. A small obelisk standing on a stone elephant and set up in front of the Cathedral in {108}Catania, Sicily. It is only a Roman imitation, having eight sides and four columns of hieroglyphs in all. ^{10} CATARACTS OF THE NILE. There are a number of cataracts formed by the Nile, where it passes over rocks and boulders, the largest and longest being the First Cataract. This forms the southern boundary of Egypt, and lies between Syene and Philæ. ^{24 86}