_Mercurius Aulicus_ was the organ of the Court party, and was published at Oxford. A curious satire upon this Court paper was printed in 1645, entitled, _Newes from Smith the Oxford Jaylor_. It consists of a dialogue between the author and the 'Oxford Jaylor,' and sets forth that 'Mercurius Aulicus' was sentenced, by a jury of women,' to stand in the pillory three market-days in Oxford, for his lies, libels, and deceitful glozings;' to have a written paper over his head announcing his shame; to beg forgiveness of 'Mercurius Brittanicus;' to be prevented from writing any more libels for one year. 'That before two months' expiration he be cut of the simples, and his braines be taken out, washt in white wine, and put in againe.' 'That for every morning during the said time he have one mess of stewd broth made of the interlinings of fower Court Parazites, and the braines of 26 Oxford Widgins boyld in the water of forgetfulnesse.' 'That he may never hereafter have so much as one graine of wit left him in his empty Hogshead (his brains being taken out and washed as before is ordered) to scandalize those whom if he had any grace he is bound to honour.' There is a woodcut of _Mercurius Aulicus_ in the pillory, which is supposed to represent Sir John Birkenhead, who acquired the title of the Loyal Poet, and suffered several imprisonments. This cut was used on several other occasions. The troubles of the times are constantly indicated in the pamphlets of the period. In one the State is represented as a two-headed serpent, with these lines underneath the engraving: 'This double-headed serpent is a wonder, It draws two ways and tears the womb in sunder; The wofull emblem of a troubled State Where civill warres doe threat to ruinate.' [Illustration: SQUARE CAPS TURNED INTO ROUND HEADS, 1642.] The partisans of the Parliament faction appear to have been much more active pamphleteers than the Cavaliers. '_Square Caps turned into Round Heads, or the Bishop's Vindication and the Brownist's conviction, being a Dialogue between Time and Opinion; showing the folly of the one and the worthinesse of the other_,' is a tract with an illustration representing Opinion turning a wheel, on which are five square caps and five round heads, while Time, with his scythe and hourglass, holds converse with Opinion. Under the woodcut are the following lines:-- 'Time doth Opinion call unto accompt, Who turns the Bishop's downe and Roundheads mount; Upon her lofty wheels their Noddles are, But her Camelion feedeth on his aire.' '_Cornucopia, or Room for a Ram head, wherein is described the dignity of the Ram head above the Roundhead or Rattlehead_,' is another tract, with a woodcut caricature representing a woman attempting to saw the horns from a man's head. The letterpress consists of a dialogue between a man and his wife, wherein the man humorously praises horns. It was a favourite joke to represent the Puritan as a 'cuckoldy Roundhead.'