Quatrefage’s “Human Species,” p. 306. “Early Man in Britain,” p. 173. Ibid., p. 233. We do not give any estimate in years as to this antiquity in this chapter. We must remember that this age is also variously called the Quaternary, Pleistocene, and Post Tertiary. We do not now refer to the evidence of man’s existence in the Miocene and Pliocene, treated of in the preceding chapter. Mr. Dawkins finds that fifty-five out of seventy-seven species are yet living. “Early Man in Britain,” p, 109. “Early Man in Britain,” p. 110. Those who reject the proofs of the existence of man in Pliocene times because the evolution of life had not then reached a stage where we could hope to find man, are here confronted with a difficulty. If Mr. Dawkins be right (as stated above) then the various animals in question must have been living in Asia during the preceding Pliocene Age. There is no reason to suppose man was not associated with them, since he belongs to the same stage of evolution (Le Conte’s “Elements of Geology,” p. 568), and though, owing to climatic and geographical causes, the animals themselves might have been confined to Asia, there is surely no good reason why man may not, in small bands, and at various times, have wandered into Europe. “Prehistoric Europe,” “The Great Ice Age.” Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 170. “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 268. Ibid., 360. British Assoc. Rep., 1878. “Early Man in Britain,” pp. 137, 141, and 169, with note. British Assoc. Rep., 1879. Prehistoric Europe, p. 263. British Assoc. Rep., 1882. Preface to Kains-Jackson’s “Our Ancient Monuments.” “First Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,” p. 73. Chapter IV CAVE-MEN.1 Other sources of Information—History of Cave Exploration—The formation of Caves—Exploration in Kent’s Cavern—Evidence of two different races—The higher culture of the later race—Evidence of prolonged time—Exploration of Robin Hood Cave—Explorations in Valley of the River Meuse—M. Dupont’s conclusions—Explorations in the Valley of the Dordogne—The Station at Schussenreid—Cavemen not found south of the Alps— Habitations of the Cave-men—Cave-men were Hunters—Methods of Cooking—Destitute of the Potter’s art—Their Weapons—Clothing—Their skill in Drawing—Evidence of a Government—Of Religious belief—Race of the Cave-men—Distinct from the men of the Drift—Probable Connection with the Eskimos.