The nuts are seldom gathered in the United States, nor is the wood there often utilized in carpentry. This is sometimes divided commercially into Red and White Beech, according to color of wood. Such division has no botanical basis. [p063] IRONWOOD, BLUE BEECH. _Carpinus caroliniana Walt._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Ironwood, Blue Beech (local and common name). Water Beech (R. I., N. Y., Pa., Del., W. Va., Ohio, Ill., Ind., Mich., Minn., Nebr., Kans.). Hornbeam (Me., N. H., Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., N. C., S. C., Ala., Tex., Ky., Ill., Kans., Minn.). Locality. Quebec to Florida, westward intermittently to Nebraska and Texas. Features of Tree. Thirty to fifty feet in height. Six inches to occasionally two feet in diameter. A small tree, dark bluish-gray; bark resembles that of beech save in color. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, thick sapwood nearly white, close-grained. Structural Qualities of Wood. Very hard, tough, strong, heavy, very stiff, inclined to check during seasoning, not durable when exposed. Representative Uses of Wood. Levers, tool-handles, etc. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 45. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,630,000. Modulus of Rupture. 16,300. Remarks. Prized by wheelwrights in Europe. Resemblance of bluish bark to light-gray bark of beech gave rise to name. [p064] IRONWOOD, HOP HORNBEAM. _Ostrya virginiana Willd._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Ironwood, Hop Hornbeam (local and common names). Leverwood (Vt., Mass., R. I., N. Y., Pa., Kans.). Hornbeam (R. I., N. Y., Fla., S. C., La.). Hardhack (Vt.). Locality. Nova Scotia to Florida, westward intermittently to Dakota and Texas. Features of Tree. Thirty to forty feet in height, one foot or less in diameter. The bark exhibits long vertical rows of small squares. Small fruit resembles hops. Leaves resemble those of birch. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish brown, sometimes white, sapwood lighter or white. Close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Very strong, hard, heavy, tough, durable when exposed. Representative Uses of Wood. Posts, levers, tool-handles, axe-helves, mill-cogs, wedges. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 51. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,950,000. Modulus of Rupture. 16,000. Remarks. Trees over twelve inches in diameter are often hollow. [p065] [Illustration: PLATE 13. SYCAMORE (_Platanus occidentalis_). Quartered Sycamore Wood.] SYCAMORE. (_Platanus_.)