had of course two immediate parents, four progenitors in the second generation, eight in the third, sixteen in the fourth, the number necessarily doubling each step farther back. Of the eight bulls named in the fourth generation from which she was descended, one was by 'Favorite.' She is one-sixteenth 'Favorite' on that account, but the cow to which he was then put was also descended from 'Favorite,' and so are each of the other seven bulls and seven cows which stand on the same level of descent with the gr. gr. g. dam of 'Charmer.' And in fact it will be found on examination that in so far as 'Charmer's' pedigree is known, which it is in some instances to the sixteenth generation, she is not one-sixteenth only but nearly nine-sixteenths of pure Favorite blood. This arises from 'Favorite' having been used repeatedly on cows descended from himself. In the pedigree of 'Charmer' we repeatedly meet with 'Comet'--'Comet' was by 'Favorite' and his dam 'Young Phoenix' was also by 'Favorite;' with 'George'--'George' was by 'Favorite' and his dam 'Lady Grace' was also by 'Favorite;' with 'Chilton'--'Chilton' was by 'Favorite' and his dam was also by 'Favorite;' with 'Minor'--'Minor' was by 'Favorite' and his dam also was by 'Favorite;' with 'Peeress'--she was by 'Favorite' and her dam also by 'Favorite;' with 'Bright Eyes'--she was by 'Favorite' and her dam also by 'Favorite;' with 'Strawberry'--she was by 'Favorite' and her dam by 'Favorite;' 'Dandy,' 'Moss Rose,' among the cows and 'North Star' among the bulls are also of similar descent. There is no difficulty therefore in understanding how this name appears repeatedly in any given generation of the pedigree of any given animal of the Short-horn breed." [22] Journal Royal Agricultural Society, volume 20, page 297. [23] It may be said with truth, that the average health and vigor of a wild herd is much higher than it would be if the feebler portion of the young were reared, as in a state of domestication, instead of being destroyed by the stronger, or perishing from hardship; but if close breeding be, of itself and necessarily, injurious, the whole herd should gradually fail, which is not found to be the case. CHAPTER VIII. CROSSING.