The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and TechnologyLevy, Stanley Isaac
Science
The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology
Levy, Stanley Isaac
Rare earths
Euxenite and Polycrase are members of an isomorphous series and vary
considerably in composition. The composition of the series is that of
mixed columbates and titanates of yttria earths (with, as usual, some
ceria earths), with uranium and zirconium, and water. Before the
isomorphous relation was recognised, Rammelsberg gave for Euxenite the
formula R´´´(CbO₃)₃,R´´´₂(TiO₃)₃,1¹⁄₂H₂O. The ratio of the acidic
oxides, Cb₂O₅ : TiO₂, is here 1 : 2. This is the greatest value of the
ratio, which varies for the series between 1 : 2 and 1 : 5.[69] The end
members, the pure metacolumbate and pure metatitanate respectively, are
unknown; all the members occurring in nature are to be regarded as
mixtures of these within the limits set by the ratios ¹⁄₂ and ¹⁄₅.
Brögger[70] suggests that the name Euxenite be retained for all members
for which the ratio is between ¹⁄₂ and ¹⁄₃, whilst for those minerals in
which it is less than ¹⁄₄ the name Polycrase be kept; these views have
been supported by Lange, who has analysed members of the series.
[69] Lange (_Abstr. Chem. Soc. 1911_, ~100~, ii. 499) gives the limits
¹⁄₂ and ¹⁄₆.
[70] _Abstr. Chem. Soc. 1907_, ~92~, ii. 885.
The members of this isomorphous series, however, are themselves
dimorphous, that is, can each crystallise in two different ways. The
second form corresponding to the Euxenites is known as Priorite, whilst
that corresponding to Polycrase is known as Blomstrandine; and these
second forms are themselves members of a parallel isomorphous series of
the same chemical composition, of course, as the first series. It is,
perhaps, undesirable to cite this as a typical example of an
isodimorphous series, since no end members of unmixed composition are
known. A perfect example of such a series is furnished by the oxides of
antimony and arsenic. Each of these compounds exists in two distinct
crystalline varieties, antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, as Valentinite
(orthorhombic) and Senarmontite (cubic), arsenic trioxide, As₂O₃, as
Claudetite (orthorhombic) and Arsenolite (cubic); and these two
modifications are isomorphous with one another, senarmontite with
arsenolite, and valentinite with claudetite.
In the case we are considering, the name Euxenite is applied to one
crystalline modification (A) of a number of isomorphous compounds within
certain limits of composition, the name Priorite to the second
crystalline modification (B) of the same compounds; the name Polycrase
is applied to compounds having the crystal form A, and a composition
varying within a second set of limits in the same chemical series,
whilst this second set of compounds in the crystalline form B is known
as Blomstrandine.
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