Tuscany under Fossombroni.--"Il Mondo va da se."--The Antologia.--Romanticism v. Classicism.--Domenico Guerrazzi.--Giuseppe Mazzini.--His early career.--His experiences as a Carbonaro.--His plans in the fortress of Savona.--His first banishment.--Louis Philippe and the Italian Revolutionists.--Collapse of the rising of 1831.--Accession of Charles Albert.--Italian belief in him.--Mazzini's letter.--Charles Albert's position.--Mazzini's second banishment.--His influence.--La Giovine Italia.--Its enemies and friends.--Charles Albert's cruelties.--The expedition to Savoy.--Menz and Metternich v. Mazzini.--The special position of Hungary.--The County Government.--The Germanization of the nobles.--The Diet of 1825.--Szechenyi.--The Magyar language.--Material reforms.--Metternich and Szechenyi.--Wesselenyi.--The Transylvanian Diet.--Poland and Hungary.--Serfdom in Hungary.--The Urbarium.--Francis Deak.--Wesselenyi at Presburg.--Louis Kossuth.--His character.--His first work.--Arrest of Kossuth and Wesselenyi.--The protest.--Metternich's defeat. While Piedmont and Naples had been vibrating between revolution and despotism; while the government of the popes had been steadily growing more tyrannical and unjust; and while the rulers of Parma, Lucca, and Modena had remained (with whatever occasional appearance to the contrary) the mere tools of Austria, the government of Tuscany had retained a peculiar character of its own. The vigorous programme of reform, introduced by Leopold I. when the government first passed into the hands of the House of Austria, had not been further developed by his successors. But a tradition of easy-going liberality had been kept alive both under Ferdinand III. and Leopold II. Fossombroni, the chief minister of Tuscany, took for his motto "Il mondo va da se" (the world goes of itself); and thus a certain liberty of thought and expression continued to prevail in Tuscany that was hardly to be found in other parts of Italy. This might have excited the alarm of the Austrian Government, and of the other princes of Italy; for conspirators condemned by them took refuge in Tuscany. But two circumstances protected this freedom. The fact that the ruler of Tuscany was a member of the House of Austria seemed to exclude him from the chance of ever becoming the leader of a purely Italian movement; and Metternich was, perhaps, not sorry to be able to show the opponents of Austria that an Austrian prince could be the most popular ruler in Italy. Secondly, Fossombroni, while so easy-going in internal matters, maintained a dignified independence in foreign affairs; and Ferdinand and Leopold had enough of the spirit of the founder of the dynasty to second the efforts of their Minister.