Peter's presence and death in Rome may be admitted as an established fact. If in Rome, whether one year or twenty-five years, Peter, with his aggressive nature, with his marked ability for leadership, and with his capacity for organisation, must have had a great deal to do with the establishment of the Roman Church, either jointly with Paul, or independently of him. Nor does it seem to be a misuse of the law of historical probabilities to assert that Peter, either with Paul or without him, appointed a bishop for the Church of Rome and transferred to that bishop his apostolic authority. From these facts, based almost entirely upon traditional evidence, coupled with the peculiar primacy conceded to Peter in the New Testament by his fellow Apostles, gradually developed the Petrine theory with all its sweeping claims. The admission of the belief that the Petrine theory is founded on certain established facts, and not merely on fancies and myths, does not carry with it the recognition of all the assertions which form a part of that theory. Peter's unique leadership in the apostolic college, his activity in founding the Roman Church, and his naming of a successor, who in time became the Pope, may all be granted without carrying with it the necessity of accepting the assertion that Christ chose Peter to be the head of a definite, divinely-planned Church and that Peter, conscious of that great mission, went to the capital of the Roman Empire, and there organised the only true Church on earth. SOURCES A.--PRIMARY: I.--CHRISTIAN: 1.--=New Testament= (27 canonical books). 2.--=New Testament Apocrypha= (see Chap. III). 3.--=Church Fathers:= 1.--Clement of Rome. _Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib._, i., ch. 5; iii., ch. 12 ff.; Am. ed., ix. 2.--Ignatius. _Ib._, i., 137 ff., 449 ff. 3.--Papias. _Ib._, i., 441 ff. 4.--Dionysius of Corinth (d. 178?). Euseb., ii., 25. 5.--Clement of Alexandria (d. 218?), _Miscellanies_. _Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib._, iv., 355; xii., 326, 379, 451, 452; Am. ed., ii. 6.--Irenæus. _Ib._, i., 261; Am. ed., i. 7.--Tertullian. _Ib._, ii., 408; xv., 25; xviii., 118; Am. ed., iii., iv. 8.--Origen. _Ib._, xxiii., 1-3; Am. ed., iv. 9.--Hippolytus. _Ib._, ix., 130. 10.--Peter of Alexandria (d. 311). _Ib._, xiv., 305, 318. 11.--Caius of Rome (210?). Euseb., ii., 25; iii., 28; v., 28; vi., 20. _Ante-Nic. Fathers_, v. II. NON-CHRISTIAN: 1.--Eusebius, _Eccl. Hist._ Many eds. 2.--Socrates, _Eccl. Hist._ _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, ii., 109. 3.--Theodoret, _Letters_. No. 86. _Ib._, iii., 282. 4.--Josephus and Philo. See Chap. IV. 5.--Heathen writers like Lucan, Pliny, Tacitus, Suetonius, Celsus, Porphyry, and Julian. See Chaps. III. and IV. B.--SECONDARY: I.--SPECIAL: