3rd. That, all things considered, direct slavery, whether as practised by the ancients or by the modems (wherever it is in use), was, with all its evils, less destructive of life, morals, and happiness to the majority than the present system of indirect or disguised slavery, as effected in most civilized countries by unjust agrarian, monetary, and fiscal laws. [Illustration: Decoration] CHAPTER V. OPINION OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ON SLAVERY. Permanence of Slavery under all Revolutions--Ignorance of Principle of Human Equality--Theory and Personal Experience of Plato--Contentment of Slaves with their Condition--Occasional Comfort and Happiness of Slaves--Absence of Revolts against Slavery--Social and Political Rights ignored by Greeks and Romans. Having, in the preceding chapters, shown how human slavery came into the world, how it originated in the despotism of paternal power, before laws or governments were known, and how, coeval with society itself, it had grown up, flourished, and everywhere established itself, as a _domestic_ institution, before any conventional act or delegated authority of society came to consolidate it as a _social_ institution--having shown all this, and afterwards explained the subsequent modifications, enlargements, and aggravations of slavery made by positive legislation,--let us now ascertain why the diabolical institution endured so long in the world; why it still endures in very many countries; and, above all, why every attempt to get rid of it has hitherto only had the effect of aggravating the evils of society, and making the mass of mankind more miserable slaves, _without the name_, than any that ever bore the name in ancient or modern times. Having ascertained this, we shall then be prepared to comprehend the only just and practicable means whereby slavery of every sort, and in every form and degree, may be effectually and for ever banished from the world. Had slavery, amongst the ancients, originated in, and been upheld by, their laws and governments, it may be fairly presumed that some of the revolutions which, at various epochs, swept away their laws and governments would have swept away the institution of slavery amongst the rest. Whatever is forced upon a decided majority of any people, by the will of a minority, can be upheld only by fraud and coercion. Had these been the conditions of slavery amongst the ancients, it is quite certain that the moment a successful revolution, from within or from without, came to break up the authority of rulers in any particular country, the slaves or bondsmen would, that very moment, seize their opportunity to emancipate themselves; and if it was the love of equality or of social justice that made them rise, they would not lay down their arms till they had established a just social order, based upon the recognition of _equal rights and equal laws for all_.