Do we need any better evidence of the influence of climate on man, than to witness its effect on beasts and birds? Æolian informs us that the Eubaea was famous for producing white oxen.[24] Blumenbach remarks, that “all the swine of Piedmont are black, those of Normandy white, and those of Bavaria are of a reddish brown. The turkeys of Normandy,” he states, “are all black; those of Hanover almost all white. In Guinea, the dogs and the gallinaceous fowls are as black as the human inhabitants of the same country.”[25] The lack of color, in the northern regions, of many animals which possess color in more temperate latitudes,--as the bear, the fox, the hare, beasts of burden, the falcon, crow, jackdaw, and chaffinch,--seems to arise entirely from climate. The common bear is differently colored in different regions. The dog loses its coat entirely in Africa, and has a smooth skin. We all see and admit the change which a few years produces in the complexion of a Caucasian going from our northern latitude into the tropics. FOOTNOTES: [14] Smith on “The Complexion of the Human Species.” [15] Pritchard. [16] “Tribute for the Negro,” p. 59. [17] Pennington’s Text Book, p. 96. [18] “Livingstone’s Travels,” p. 296. [19] Ibid, p. 364. [20] Heeren, Vol. I., p. 297. [21] Murray’s “North America.” [22] Pritchard. [23] Ibid. [24] Æolian, lib. xii, cap. 36. [25] Pritchard. CHAPTER V. CAUSES OF THE DIFFERENCE IN FEATURES. We now come to a consideration of the difference in the features of the human family, and especially the great variety to be seen in the African race. From the grim worshippers of Odin in the woods of Germany, down to the present day, all uncivilized nations or tribes have more or less been addicted to the barbarous custom of disfiguring their persons. Thus, among the North American Indians, the tribe known as the “flat heads,” usually put their children’s heads to press when but a few days old; and consequently, their name fitly represents their personal appearance. While exploring the valley of the Zambesi, Dr. Livingstone met with several tribes whose mode of life will well illustrate this point. He says:-- “The women here are in the habit of piercing the upper lip and gradually enlarging the orifice until they can insert a shell. The lip then appears drawn out beyond the perpendicular of the nose, and gives them a most ungainly aspect. Sekwebu remarked,--‘These women want to make their mouths like those of ducks.’ And indeed, it does appear as if they had the idea that female beauty of lip had been attained by the _Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_ alone. This custom prevails throughout the country of the Maravi, and no one could see it without confessing that fashion had never led women to a freak more mad.”[26]