I include also here the SCHELDT or SCHELDE, (the SCALDIS of Cæsar), which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse _skildr_, Dan. _skilt_, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the SCHILT(ACH) of Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. From the Gael. _caraid_, duplex, may probably be the two CARTS in the County of Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde near Glasgow. FOOTNOTES: [63] Die marken des Vaterlandes. [64] Germanien unter den Römern. CHAPTER X. BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the earliest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is not quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning Owls," in Horrebow's Natural History of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that "There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island"--it will be seen that the number of names is very small in which such a meaning is to be traced. The word _gard_, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. 1. _France._ The GARD. Joins the Rhone. _Germany._ GARD(AHA), 8th cent. The GART(ACH). The KART(HAUE) in Prussia. 2. _With the ending en._ _Scotland._ The GAIRDEN. Joins the Dee. _France._ The GARDON. Joins the Rhone. _Greece._ JARDANUS ant. in Crete--here? In the Gael. _sgia_, Welsh _ysgw_, guard, protection, and in the Welsh _ysgi_, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter may be more suitable for the following. The Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker in Bulgaria: in an etymological point of view this seems probable, for as Scius = Welsh _ysgi_, so Isker = Welsh _ysgar_ of the same meaning. _Netherlands._ The SCHIE by Schiedam. _Danub. Prov._ SCIUS ant., now the ISKER? From the Gael. _scar_, _sgar_, Welsh _ysgar_, Ang.-Sax. _scêran_, to divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the following. The small river Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six miles a boundary between different parishes.[65] 1. _England._ The SHERE. Kent. _Scotland._ The SCARR. Dumfriesshire. The SHIRA. Argyle. _Germany._ SCERE, 11th cent. The SCHEER. 2. _With the ending en._ _England._ The SKERNE. Durham. _Germany._ SCHYRNE, 11th cent., not identified.