How the corn-supply was cared for we cannot tell for certain; but here
again is a tradition which fits in curiously with what we know of the
temple and its worship, though it has been rejected by the superfluous
ingenuity of modern German criticism. Livy tells us that in B.C. 492,
the year after the dedication of the temple, corn was brought from
Etruria, Cumae, and Sicily to relieve a famine[245]. We are not obliged
to believe in the purchase of corn at Syracuse at so early a date,
though it is not impossible; but if we remember that the decorations and
ritual of the temple were Greek beyond doubt, we get a singular
confirmation of the tradition _in outline_ which has not been
sufficiently noticed. If it was founded in 493, placed under plebeian
officers, and closely connected with the plebs; if its rites and
decorations were Greek from the beginning; we cannot afford to discard a
tradition telling us of a commercial connexion with Greek cities, the
object of which was to relieve a starving plebeian population.
And surely there is nothing strange in the supposition that Greek
influence gained ground, not so much with the patricians who had their
own outfit of religious armour, but with the plebs who had no share in
the sacra of their betters, and with the Etruscan dynasty which favoured
the plebs[246]. We may hesitate to assent to Mommsen’s curious assertion
that the merchants of that day were none other than the great patrician
landholders[247]; we may rather be disposed to conjecture that it was
the more powerful plebeians, incapable of holding large areas of public
land, who turned their attention to commerce, and came in contact with
the Greeks of Italy and Sicily. The position of the plebeian quarter
along the Tiber bank, and near the spot where the quays of Rome have
always been, may possibly point in the same direction[248].
To return to the Cerealia of April 19. We have still to notice a relic
of apparently genuine Italian antiquity which survived in it down to
Ovid’s time, and may be taken as evidence that there was a real Roman
substratum on which the later Greek ritual was superimposed.
Every one who reads Ovid’s account of the Cerealia will be struck by his
statement that on the 19th it was the practice to fasten burning brands
to the tails of foxes and set them loose to run in the Circus
Maximus[249]:
Cur igitur missae vinctis ardentia taedis
Terga ferant volpes, causa docenda mihi est.
He tells a charming story to explain the custom, learnt from an old man
of Carseoli, an Aequian town, where he was seeking information while
writing the _Fasti_. A boy of twelve years’ old caught a vixen fox which
had done damage to the farm, and tied it up in straw and hay. This he
set on fire, but the fox escaped and burnt the crops. Hence a law at
Carseoli forbidding—something about foxes, which the corruption of the
MSS. has obscured for us[250]. Then he concludes:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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