Varro, _L. L._ 6. 33; Censorinus, 2. 20. Verrius Flaccus in the heading to April in Fasti Praen.: ... ‘quia fruges flores animaliaque et maria et terrae aperiuntur.’ Mommsen, _Chron._ 222. Ovid quaintly forsakes the scholars to claim the month for Venus (Aphrodite), _Fasti_, 4. 61 foll. I do not know why Mr. Granger should call it the boar-month (from _aper_), in his _Worship of the Romans_, p. 294. Footnote 187: _Segetes runcuri_, Varro, _R. R._ I. 30. Columella’s instructions are of the same kind (II. 2). Footnote 188: _C. I. L._ 280. Footnote 189: _Röm. Jahr_, 216. Footnote 190: February has thirteen, all but two between Kal. and Ides. The Nones and Ides are NP. April has thirteen between Nones and 22nd; or fourteen if we include the 19th, which is NP in Caer. The Ides are NP, Nones N. Footnote 191: See the fragmentary heading to the month in Fasti Praen.; Ovid, l. c.; Lydus, 4. 45; Tutela Veneris, in rustic calendars; Veneralia (April 1), Philocalus. Footnote 192: Varro, _R. R._ 1. 1. 6: ‘Item adveneror Minervam et Venerem, quarum unius procuratio oliveti, alterius _hortorum_.’ Cp. _L. L._ 6. 20 ‘Quod tum (Aug. 19) dedicata aedes et horti ei deae dicantur ac tum fiant feriati _holitores_.’ Cf. Preller, _Myth._ i. 434 foll. The oldest Venus-temple was in the low ground of the Circus Maximus (B.C. 295). “Venus, like Ceres, may have been an old Roman deity of the plebs, but she never entered into the State-worship in early times.” Macrob. 1. 12. 12 quotes Cincius (_de Fastis_) and Varro to prove that she had originally nothing to do with April, and that there was no _dies festus_ or _insigne sacrificium_ in her honour during the month. Footnote 193: 4. 45 Ταῖς τοίνυν καλάνδαις ἀπριλλίαις αἱ σεμναὶ γυναικῶν ὑπὲρ ὁμονοίας καὶ βίου σώφρονος ἐτίμων τὴν Ἀφροδίτην· αἱ δὲ τοῦ πλήθους γυναῖκες ἐν τοῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν βαλανείοις ἐλούοντο, πρὸς θεραπείαν αὐτῆς μυρσίνη ἐστεμμέναι, κ.τ.λ. Cp. Macrob. 1. 12. 15. Footnote 194: _C. I. L._ 315. Footnote 195: We shall find some reason for believing that in the early Republican period new cults came in rather through plebeian than patrician agency (see below, on Cerealia). But in the period of the new nobilitas the lower classes seem rather to have held to their own cults, while the upper social stratum was more ready to accept new ones. See below, on April 4, for the conditions of such acceptance. The tendency is to be explained by the wide and increasing sphere of the foreign relations of the Senatorial government. Footnote 196: _Fasti_, 4. 133-164. Footnote 197: Ovid, l. c. 149 foll. Footnote 198: Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, p. 456. Footnote 199: _Quaest. Rom._ 74. Footnote 200: Ovid, l. c., 4. 160 ‘Inde Venus verso nomina corde tenet.’ Footnote 201: