11. To what extent do you have control of your emotional states? What have you observed about differences in expression of deep emotions by different people? In case of death in the family, some people wail and moan and express their grief in the most extreme manner, while others do not utter a sound and show great control. Why the difference? 12. Make an introspective study of your conscious states to note the difference in clearness of the different processes that are going on in consciousness. Do you find a constant shifting? 13. Perform experiments to show the effects of attention in forming habits and acquiring knowledge. (1) Perform tests in learning, using substitution tests as described in Chapter X. Use several different keys. In some experiments have no distractions, in others, have various distracting noises. What differences do you find in the results? (2) Try learning nonsense syllables, some lists with distractions, others without distractions. (3) Try getting the ideas from stories read to you, as in the logical memory experiment described in Chapter X. Some stories should be read without distractions, others with distractions. 14. Why are you unable to study well when under the influence of some strong emotion? 15. Are you trained to the extent that you can concentrate on a task and hold yourself to it for a long time? 16. Do you see that as far as will and attention and the emotions are concerned, your life and character are in large measure in your own hands? 17. Make a complete outline of the chapter. REFERENCES FOR CLASS READING COLVIN and BAGLEY: _Human Behavior_, Chapters IV, V, and VI. MÜNSTERBERG: _Psychology, General and Applied_, Chapter XIV, also pp. 187-192 and pp. 370-371. PILLSBURY: _Essentials of Psychology_, Chapters V and XI. PYLE: _The Outlines of Educational Psychology_, Chapter XIV. TITCHENER: _A Beginner's Psychology_, Chapters IV, VIII, and XI. CHAPTER VI HABIT =The Nature of Habit.= We now turn from man's inherited nature to his acquired nature. Inherited tendencies to action we have called instincts; acquired tendencies to action we shall call habits. We can best form an idea of the nature of habit by considering some concrete cases.