These opinions are representative of those held by the men who, Memminger excepted, were placed in charge of affairs by President Johnson and who were not specially in sympathy with the negroes or with the planters but rather with the average white. All believed that emancipation was a mistake, but all agreed that "it is not the negro's fault" and gave no evidence of a disposition to perpetuate slavery under another name. The legislation finally framed showed in its discriminatory features the combined influence of the old laws for free negroes, the vagrancy laws of North and South for whites, the customs of slavery times, the British West Indies legislation for ex-slaves, and the regulations of the United States War and Treasury Departments and of the Freedmen's Bureau--all modified and elaborated by the Southern whites. In only two States, Mississippi and South Carolina, did the legislation bulk large in quantity; in other States discriminating laws were few; in still other States none were passed except those defining race and prohibiting intermarriage. In all of the state laws there were certain common characteristics, among which were the following: the descendant of a negro was to be classed as a negro through the third generation, ¹ even though one parent in each generation was white; intermarriage of the races was prohibited; existing slave marriages were declared valid and for the future marriage was generally made easier for the blacks than for the whites. In all States the negro was given his day in court, and in cases relating to negroes his testimony was accepted; in six States he might testify in any case. When provision was made for schooling, the rule of race separation was enforced. In Mississippi the "Jim Crow car," or separate car for negroes, was invented. In several States the negro had to have a license to carry weapons, to preach, or to engage in trade. In Mississippi, a negro could own land only in town; in other States he could purchase land only in the country. Why the difference, no one knows and probably few knew at the time. Some of the legislation was undoubtedly hasty and ill-considered. ¹ Fourth in Tennessee.