Compare one of our usual green plants, a sunflower, for example, with such a thing as a cactus, which you may get growing in a pot of dry sand. The cactus is able to withstand the hottest sun for days, though it gets very little water, and sometimes apparently none at all; yet it does not wither, but grows, and may bear the most lovely flowers. From travellers we learn how the huge cactus plants grow in dry and stony deserts, standing every day in the blazing sun. Such is, of course, their home, and they are used to it; but how is it that they are able to flourish under conditions which would kill one of our own green plants? Let us look at their structure and see in what they differ from a usual plant. First, they have no green leaves, for these have developed into spines (~see~ p. 62), while the sunflower has many large ordinary leaves. You will remember that the surface of leaves is continually giving off water from its many pores. When a plant has a number of big leaves this transpiring area is large, while when it has no leaves at all, but a thick, green stem instead, then the amount of surface from which water vapour is being given off is very much reduced, even though there may be about an equal quantity of actual tissue in the two plants. You can see that this is the case if you take a ball or thick block of dough and roughly measure its surface, then roll it out till it is fairly thin and measure it again; you will see that the thinner you roll it the more surface there is; all the time, of course, the amount of actual dough remains the same. So that of two plants of the same bulk, the one with broad, thin leaves will expose the most surface to the air, and so lose more water than one with very thick leaves or none at all. The latter would therefore be better fitted to live under dry conditions. But, you may say, leaves have a definite work to do; how can the plant live without them? In the cactus the thick stem is green and does the work of food building; naturally it cannot do so much for the plant as many big leaves could, but it does enough to allow it to live and grow slowly and surely for many years, though it cannot grow in each year nearly at the same rate as can the sunflower. If you cut through the stem of a cactus you will find that its skin is very thick and tough, and this thick coat protects the plant against the fierceness of the sun far more completely than the thin skin of a sunflower does. At the same time, the tissues of the two stems are different; the sunflower is hollow and delicate, but the cactus is very thick and juicy, and each cell contains much gummy stuff which has the power of holding water strongly. So that we see in many important points the structure of a cactus is different from that of a usual green plant, and is specially suited to the dry conditions of the desert.