Among plants, most of these degenerate creatures belong to the group of ~Fungi~. The rust and smut on wheat, the mildew on fruit, and nearly all the thousand spots, blemishes, and diseases of cultivated and other plants, are the result of the parasitism of some members of the family of fungi. Plants which prey like this on others are without very many of the characteristics of true plants; they become colourless, losing their green substance, and with it all power of building food for themselves, so that they are quite dependent on the host plant, without which they must ultimately die. Fungus parasites, of which there are many thousands, have become so specialized that they are quite a study in themselves, and we will leave them for the present and follow the history of a few of the higher plants which have taken to this mode of life. [Illustration: Fig. 106. Dodder plants growing over Clover. (~a~) clusters of Dodder flowers.] One of the most completely parasitic of the flowering plants is the dodder, which you may often find growing on clover. In fields of clover sometimes there are colonies of dodder, which live together and kill the clover in great patches so that it almost looks as though it had been burnt. Dodder grows on other plants, such as gorse, as well as clover, and even on nettles. If you find a plant of dodder you will see that it seems to consist of nothing but fine, white or pinkish threads, twisted round and round the clover stems and hanging in festoons over them. Pull off these fine threads carefully, and you will find that at intervals along them there are little sucker-like pads which hold the dodder quite firmly on to the plant on which it is growing. If you cut through the middle of one of these pads and the clover-stem while they are still attached, and look at the cut with your magnifying-glass, you will see how the tissue of the dodder pad enters right into the tissue of the clover stem (~see~ fig. 107). These pads act as suckers for the dodder and draw from the clover all the ready-formed nourishment that the dodder requires, so that it has no work to do in food building. It has no roots because it needs none; the suckers act as roots in getting all the water and also the manufactured food the plant uses; for the same reason it requires neither leaves nor green chlorophyll, and its body is only a colourless or pinkish mass of thread-like stems and sucker pads. [Illustration: Fig. 107. Section, A, across the Clover stem, with the Dodder D attached. S, suckers of the Dodder, entering the Clover.]