E.C.--The quatrains translated by Prof. E.B. Cowell in his article in the «Calcutta Review,» No. 59, March, 1858, p. 149. De T.--The ten quatrains translated from the Ouseley MS. by Garcin de Tassy in his «_Note sur les Ruba'iyat d'Omar Khaïyām._» (Paris, Imprimerie Impériale, 1857.) V.--The metrical translation by John Payne, published by the Villon Society (London, 1898), containing 845 quatrains. ANALYSIS OF EDWARD FITZGERALD'S QUATRAINS I. Wake! For the Sun, who scatter'd into flight The Stars before him from the Field of Night, Drives Night along with them from Heav'n, and strikes The Sultan's Turret with a Shaft of Light. This version of the opening quatrain is gradually evolved through the four editions. The quatrain, which, in the first edition runs: Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night Has flung the Stone that puts the Stars to Flight: And lo! the Hunter of the East has caught The Sultan's Turret in a Noose of Light. is inspired by C. 134. The Sun casts the noose of morning upon the roofs, Kai Khosru of the day, he throws a stone into the bowl: Drink wine! for the Herald of the Dawn, rising up, Hurls into the days the cry of «Drink ye!» _Ref._:[15]L. 235, B. 232, C. 134, P. 320, T. 138.--W. 233, V. 242. It is not surprising that Mr. Aldis Wright, in his editorial note at the end of Messrs. Macmillan's definitive edition (London, 1890), states that «the first stanza is entirely his own,» for, in this precise form the ruba'i is only to be found in the Calcutta MS. and in a recently discovered MS. copied largely from it and belonging to the Nawab of Tonk. The matter rests upon the word «stone» in the second line. The word means «to fling a stone into a cup or pot,» which is the signal for «striking camp» among tribes of nomad Arabs. All the other texts I have seen read wine for stone which has made the translators (Whinfield and Payne) properly render the passage «pours _wine_ into the cup.» II. Before the phantom of False morning died, Methought a Voice within the Tavern cried, «When all the Temple is prepared within, «Why nods the drowsy Worshipper outside?» The inspiration for this quatrain is to be found in C. 5: There came one morning a cry from our tavern: «Ho! our crazy, tavern-haunting profligate[16] «Arise! that we may fill the measure with wine, «Ere they fill up our measure (of life).» _Ref._: L. 1, B. 1, C. 5, B. ii. 1, T. 3.--W. 1, N. 1, V. 1. In FitzGerald's quatrain there is traceable the influence of one of the odes of Hafiz, translated by Prof. Cowell (in «Fraser's Magazine,» September, 1854), which he greatly admired. The lines in question run: