In Caucasus, M. E. Chantre[131] found the Swastika in great purity of form. Fig. 38 represents portions of a bronze plaque from that country, used on a ceinture or belt. Another of slightly different style, but with square cross and arms bent at right angles, is represented in his pl. 8, fig. 5. These belonged to the first age of iron, and much of the art was intricate.[132] It represented animals as well as all geometric forms, crosses, circles (concentric and otherwise), spirals, meanders, chevrons, herring bone, lozenges, etc. These were sometimes cast in the metal, at other times repoussé, and again were engraved, and occasionally these methods were employed together. Fig. 39 shows another form, frequently employed and suggested as a possible evolution of the Swastika, from the same locality and same plate. Fig. 40 represents signs reported by Waring[133] as from Asia Minor, which he credits, without explanation, to Ellis's "Antiquities of Heraldry." The specimen shown in fig. 41 is reported by Waring,[134] quoting Rzewusky,[135] as one of the several branding marks used on Circassian horses for identification. [Illustration: Fig. 39. BRONZE AGRAFE OR BELT PLATE. Triskelion in spiral. Koban, Caucasus. Chantre, "Le Caucase," pl. 11, fig. 4.] Mr. Frederick Remington, the celebrated artist and literateur, has an article, "Cracker Cowboy in Florida,"[136] wherein he discourses of the forgery of brands on cattle in that country. One of his genuine brands is a circle with a small cross in the center. The forgery consists in elongating each arm of the cross and turning it with a scroll, forming an ogee Swastika (fig. 13_d_), which, curiously enough, is practically the same brand used on Circassian horses (fig. 41). Max Ohnefalsch-Richter[137] says that instruments of copper (_audumbaroasih_) are recommended in the Atharva-Veda to make the Swastika, which represents the figure 8; and thus he attempts to account for the use of that mark branded on the cows in India (supra, p. 772), on the horses in Circassia (fig. 41), and said to have been used in Arabia. [Illustration: Fig. 40. SWASTIKA SIGNS FROM ASIA MINOR. Waring, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 41, figs. 5 and 6.] [Illustration: Fig. 41. BRAND FOR HORSES IN CIRCASSIA. Ogee Swastika, tetraskelion. Waring, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 42, fig. 20_c_.] ASIA MINOR--TROY (HISSARLIK). Many specimens of the Swastika were found by Dr. Schliemann in the ruins of Troy, principally on spindle whorls, vases, and bijoux of precious metal. Zmigrodzki[138] made from Dr. Schliemann's great atlas the following classification of the objects found at Troy, ornamented with the Swastika and its related forms: Fifty-five of pure form; 114 crosses with the four dots, points or alleged nail holes (_Croix swasticale_); 102 with three branches or arms (triskelion); 86 with five branches or arms; 63 with six branches or arms; total, 420.