No thorough study of the economic history of the United States after the Civil War has yet been made. E.L. Bogart, _Economic History of the United States_ (1907), and various later editions, is the best single volume; E.E. Sparks, _National Development_ (1907), is useful. On the South, consult articles by St. G.L. Sioussat, in _History Teachers' Magazine_ (Sept., Oct., 1916); P.A. Bruce, _Rise of the New South_ (1905); J.C. Ballagh (ed.), _South in the Building of the Nation_ (1909), vol. VI; M.B. Hammond, _Cotton Industry_ (1897). R.P. Porter, _West from the Census of 1880_ (1882), is a useful compendium. The Plains in the day of the cowboy are well described in Emerson Hough, _Passing of the Frontier_ (1918); Emerson Hough, _Story of the Cowboy_ (1898); F.L. Paxson, _Last American Frontier_ (1910); and F.L. Paxson, "The Cow Country," in _American Historical Review_, Oct., 1916. N.A. Miles, _Serving the Republic_ (1911), contains reminiscences of Indian conflicts. On the Far West, in addition to Porter, Hough and Paxson, Katharine Coman, _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_ (2 vols., 1912); H.K. White, _Union Pacific Railway_ (1898); L.H. Haney, _Congressional History of Railways_ (2 vols., 1908-1910); S.E. White, _The Forty-Niners_ (1918). There is also an abundance of useful illustrative fiction, such as: Bret Harte, _Luck of Roaring Camp_, and other stories (Far West); Edward Eggleston, _Hoosier Schoolmaster_ (Indiana); W.D. Howells, _Rise of Silas Lapham_ (New England); G.W. Cable, _Old Creole Days_ (New Orleans); C.E. Craddock, _In the Tennessee Mountains_; F.H. Smith, _Colonel Carter_ (Virginia); Hamlin Garland, _Main Travelled Roads_ and _Son of the Middle Border_ (Middle West); P.L. Ford, _Hon. Peter Sterling_ (New York); S.E. White, _Gold_ (California); and _Riverman_ (Lake Superior lumber); John Hay, _Breadwinners_ (industrial). For other references to economic aspects of the period, see chapters IX, XI, XIV. * * * * * [1] The ratio was 151,912 but, by a provision of the Constitution, states are given a representative even if they do not contain the requisite number. [2] The most important advances in municipal street railway transportation were made between 1875 and 1890. In 1876 New York began the construction of an overhead or elevated railway on which trains were drawn by small locomotives. The first electric street railways were operated in Richmond, Va., and in Baltimore. Electric street lighting was introduced in San Francisco in 1879. [3] Hamlin Garland, _Main Travelled Roads_, portrays the hardships of western farm life. CHAPTER IV POLITICAL AND INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND OF THE NEW ISSUES