[Footnote 47: At the time when the whale-fishing at Spitzbergen commenced, Thomas Edge, a captain of one of the Muscovy Company's vessels, endeavoured to show that the land which Willoughby discovered while sailing about after parting company with Chancelor was Spitzbergen (_Purchas_, iii. p. 462). The statement, which was evidently called forth by the wish to monopolise the Spitzbergen whale-fishing for England, can be shown to be incorrect. It has also for a long time back been looked upon as groundless. Later inquirers have instead supposed that the land which Willoughby saw was Gooseland, on Novaya Zemlya. For reasons which want of space prevents me from stating here, this also does not appear to me to be possible. On the other hand, I consider it highly probable that "Willoughby's Land" was Kolgujev Island, which is surrounded by shallow sand-banks. Its latitude has indeed in that case been stated 2 deg. too high, but such errors are not impossible in the determinations of the oldest explorers. ] [Footnote 48: The testator was Gabriel Willoughby, who, as merchant, sailed in the commander's vessel. ] [Footnote 49: _Hakluyt_, p. 500; _Purchas_, iii. p. 249, and in the margin of p. 463. ] [Footnote 50: It is of him that it is narrated in a letter written from Moscow by Henrie Lane, that the Czar at an entertainment "called them to his table, to receave each one a cuppe from his hand to drinke, and tooke into his hand Master George Killingworths beard, which reached over the table, and pleasantly delivered it the Metropolitane, who seeming to bless it, sad in Russe, 'this is Gods gift.'"--_Hakluyt_, p. 500. ] [Footnote 51: As the Dwina lies to the south of Vardoehus, these remarks probably relate to an earlier part of the voyage than that which is referred to in the narrative. ] [Footnote 52: Writings on these voyages are exceedingly numerous. An account of them was published for the first time in Hakluyt, _The principael Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, &c._, London, 1589; _Ordinances, King Edward's Past, &c._, p. 259; _Copy of Sir Hugh Willoughby's Journal, with a List of all the Members of the Expedition_, p. 265; _Clement Adams' Account of Chancelor's Voyage_, p. 270, &c. The same documents were afterwards printed in Purchas' _Pilgrimage_, iii. p. 211. For those who wish to study the literature of this subject further, I may refer to Fr. von Adelung, _Kritisch-literaerische Uebersicht der Reisenden in Russland_, St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1846, p. 200; and L. Hamel, _Tradesrunt der Aeltere 1618 in Russland_, St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1847. ] CHAPTER II.