The White Eagle of PolandBenson, E. F. (Edward Frederic)
History
The White Eagle of Poland
Benson, E. F. (Edward Frederic)
Poland -- History -- German occupation, 1914-1918; Polish question
In consequence, a similar resolution of the
Polish Parliamentary Club in Vienna was only privately circulated.
Simultaneously Count Julius Audrassy announced that the Central Powers
were agreed that Poland should never go back to Russia, that a new
partion would be dangerous, and that she should form a political body
with assured individuality as a state with a Polish government. This was
confirmed in December, 1915, by a joint declaration of Baron Burian and
Bethmann-Hollweg. As we shall see, the consideration of the Austrian
solution, and the discussion over it between the two Central Empires
lasted more than a year before Germany finally vetoed it, declaring on
November 5, 1916, to the Poles of the Kingdom of Poland, the
establishment of a State of their own. From the first she viewed this
Austrian solution with distrust, as checking her own development
Eastwards, for it was a very different matter from creating a state
which she herself could penetrate, easily riddling it in an economical
and political, and, in spite of the fiasco she was about to experience
with regard to recruiting, in a military sense. But it was objectionable
to contemplate a new Kingdom of Poland, subject to a Habsburg prince,
interposed in the eastward march of German influence. Much might be
gained, no doubt, by the withdrawal of Polish representatives from the
Reichsrat who would henceforth sit in the Diet of the new state, thus
increasing German preponderance in the Reichsrat. Indeed, since the
occupation of part of Russian Poland by Austria, many high Polish
officials in Vienna had been drafted into the Administration of Poland,
and their places had been taken by Germans, but Germany was uneasy about
it all. Possibly Austria, with this fresh accession of territory, and
the chance of raising an army where Germany had failed, might assert an
inconvenient independence of Berlin, whereas at present she was bound to
her. For the dependence of Austria on Germany, her indissoluble
Alliance, which amounts to exactly the same thing as her complete
subjugation, was a thing not lightly to be risked.
But though the solution of the Polish question might wait, there was no
reason why a revised system of taxes should do so, and by March, 1916,
Germany was in receipt of a very handsome revenue from her occupied
territory. The chief of these taxes were as follows:
(i.) She levied an annual contribution of about 50,000 roubles on
many towns, as she had done in Belgium.
(ii.) She passed a regulation that every Pole over 15 years of age
must take out an annual passport. For this various sums were
charged up to five roubles a head, and this tax probably produced
about 1,000,000 roubles.
(iii.) She levied a land-tax, a personal property tax, and an
“ordinary” tax, producing 34,000,000 roubles. (What the “ordinary”
tax was, does not appear. Probably it was a tax on the right of
individual existence.)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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