A people that are proud of themselves, and who are on the ascending path of Life, always; picture _another_ existence as lower and less valuable than theirs; they regard the strange unknown world as their enemy, as their opposite; they feel no curiosity, but rather repugnance in regard to what is strange to them.... Such a body of men would never admit that another people were the "true people".... The very fact that such a distinction is possible,--that this world should be called the world of appearance, and that the other should be called the true world,--is symptomatic. The places of origin of the idea, of "another world": The philosopher who invents a rational world where _reason_ and logical functions are adequate:--this is the root of the "true" world. The religious man who invents a "divine world";--this is the root of the "denaturalised" and the "anti-natural" world. The moral man who invents a "free world":--this is the root of the good, the perfect, the just, and the holy world. The _common factor_ in the three places of origin: _psychological_ error, physiological confusion. With what attributes is the "other world," as it actually appears in history, characterised? With the stigmata of philosophical, religious, and moral prejudices. The "other world" as it appears in the light of these facts, is _synonymous_ with _not-Being,_ with not-living, with the _will_ not to live.... _General aspect:_ it was the instinct of the _fatigue of living,_ and not that of life, which created the "other world." _Result:_ philosophy, religion, and morality are _symptoms of decadence._ _(l)_ The Biological Value of Knowledge. 587. It might seem as though I had evaded the question concerning "certainty". The reverse is true: but while raising the question of the criterion of certainty, I wished to discover the weights and measures with which men had weighed heretofore--and to show that the question concerning certainty is already in itself a _dependent_ question, a question of the second rank. 588. The question of values is more _fundamental_ than the question of certainty: the latter only becomes serious once the question of values has been answered. Being and appearance, regarded psychologically, yield no "Being in itself," no criterion for reality, but only degrees of appearance, measured according to the strength of the sympathy which we feel for appearance. There is no struggle for existence between ideas and observations, but only a struggle for supremacy--the vanquished idea is _not annihilated,_ but only _driven to the background_ or _subordinated. There is no such thing as annihilation in intellectual spheres._ 589. "End and means" "Cause and effect" "Subject and object" "Action and suffering" "Thing-in-itself and appearance"