SWEDISH SNUFFS usually contain a large percentage of moisture. The grains are coarse and usually highly flavored. Snuff taking is still extensive among the Swedish people. RAPPEE is a snuff made after the French fashion. REFERENCES (Chapters IX to XV) U. S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. _Report of 13th Census_, 1910. (Vol. on _Manufacturers_, 1912-1913.) U. S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. BUREAU OF CORPORATIONS. _Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the Tobacco Industry._ Vol. I, 1909, Continued. IVENS, W. M. _Brief and argument in certain appeals from the Circuit Court of U. S. for Southern District of New York._ (Tobacco Monopoly, 1911.) HOAGLAND, I. G. _The Tobacco Industry._ In _Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Assn._, 1907. Vol. I, Nos. 2 and 4. JACOBSTEIN, M. _The Tobacco Industry in the U. S._ New York, 1907. CHAPTER XVI SMOKING PIPES HISTORY. MATERIALS USED IN MAKING. MEERSCHAUM. BRIAR ROOT. AMBER. SPECIAL KINDS OF PIPES. CARE OF PIPES. PIPES The history of tobacco smoking pipes began with the discovery of tobacco by the Spaniards. How long before that event they were used is not known, but that they were used by the Indians and others for a long period is quite clear from many items of evidence. The reader who desires information concerning pre-Columbian tobacco pipes is referred to the _Pipes and smoking customs of the American Aborigines_, by J. D. McQuire, based on the material in the U. S. National Museum 1889, and other similar archaological works. The first mention of pipes in literature appears to have been made by Oviedo in 1535 in his work _La historia general de las Indias_ (Part 1). In this there is a small wood cut which is the oldest known picture of a pipe. This pipe was shaped like a Y--the two ends of which were placed in the nose and the tobacco leaves in the stem. The smoke was inhaled. Oviedo says that this pipe was called "Tabaca" from which the name tobacco was probably derived. Admiral John Hawkins was the first to mention the pipe in English literature in 1564. Raleigh's famous smoking feat did not take place until 1586.