Treatise on light : $b In which are explained the causes of that which occurs in reflexion, & in refraction and particularly in the strange refraction of Iceland crystalHuygens, Christiaan
Science
Treatise on light : $b In which are explained the causes of that which occurs in reflexion, & in refraction and particularly in the strange refraction of Iceland crystal
Huygens, Christiaan
Refraction, Double; Wave theory of light
There is even probability enough that the prisms of this crystal are
produced by the breaking up of pyramids, since Mr. Bartholinus relates
that he occasionally found some pieces of triangularly pyramidal
figure. But when a mass is composed interiorly only of these little
spheroids thus piled up, whatever form it may have exteriorly, it is
certain, by the same reasoning which I have just explained, that if
broken it would produce similar prisms. It remains to be seen whether
there are other reasons which confirm our conjecture, and whether
there are none which are repugnant to it.
[Illustration: {paralleloid arrangement of spheroids with planes of
potential cleavage}]
It may be objected that this crystal, being so composed, might be
capable of cleavage in yet two more fashions; one of which would be
along planes parallel to the base of the pyramid, that is to say to
the triangle ABC; the other would be parallel to a plane the trace of
which is marked by the lines GH, HK, KL. To which I say that both the
one and the other, though practicable, are more difficult than those
which were parallel to any one of the three planes of the pyramid; and
that therefore, when striking on the crystal in order to break it, it
ought always to split rather along these three planes than along the
two others. When one has a number of spheroids of the form above
described, and ranges them in a pyramid, one sees why the two methods
of division are more difficult. For in the case of that division which
would be parallel to the base, each spheroid would be obliged to
detach itself from three others which it touches upon their flattened
surfaces, which hold more strongly than the contacts at the edges. And
besides that, this division will not occur along entire layers,
because each of the spheroids of a layer is scarcely held at all by
the 6 of the same layer that surround it, since they only touch it at
the edges; so that it adheres readily to the neighbouring layer, and
the others to it, for the same reason; and this causes uneven
surfaces. Also one sees by experiment that when grinding down the
crystal on a rather rough stone, directly on the equilateral solid
angle, one verily finds much facility in reducing it in this
direction, but much difficulty afterwards in polishing the surface
which has been flattened in this manner.
As for the other method of division along the plane GHKL, it will be
seen that each spheroid would have to detach itself from four of the
neighbouring layer, two of which touch it on the flattened surfaces,
and two at the edges. So that this division is likewise more difficult
than that which is made parallel to one of the surfaces of the
crystal; where, as we have said, each spheroid is detached from only
three of the neighbouring layer: of which three there is one only
which touches it on the flattened surface, and the other two at the
edges only.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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