_Oil of Vitriol._ Sulphuric acid. _Organzine._ Twisted raw silk from best cocoons, used for warp. _Pearl Ash._ Carbonate of potash. _Persian Berries._ The dried unripe fruit of various species of Rhamnus. Also called French berries, grains of Avignon. _Potassium Carbonate._ (Potashes.) Carbonate of potash has been known since ancient times as a constituent of the ashes of land plants, from which it is obtained by extraction with water. In most cases Sodium Carbonate, which it strongly resembles, can be used in its place. _Red spirits._ Tin Spirits. Applied to tin mordants generally. A solution of Stannous chloride. _Red woods._ Camwood, Barwood, Sanderswood (Santal, Sandal, Red Sanders), Brazil wood, Sapan wood, Peach-wood. _Roucou._ Anatta, Arnotto. _Saxon blue._ The dye made by indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol. _Scotch ell._ 37.2 inches. _Scour, to._ To wash. _Scroop._ The rustling property of silk. _Soda ash._ Carbonate of soda. _Sour water._ To every gallon of water, add one gill vitriol; stir thoroughly. Stuff steeped in this should be covered with the liquor, otherwise it will rot. (2) Water in which bran has been made to grow sour. 24 bushels of bran are put in a tub, about 10 hogsheads of nearly boiling water is poured into it; acid fermentation soon begins, and in 25 hours it is ready to use. (3) Throw some handfuls of bran into hot water and let it stand for 24 hours, or until the water becomes sour, when it is fit for use. _Staple._ A term applied to cotton and wool indicating length of fibre. _Substantive Dye._ A dye not requiring a mordant. _Sumach._ Leaves and twigs of several species of Rhus, containing tannic acid. It is sold in the form of crushed leaves or as a powder (15-20% tannin). _Tram._ Slightly twisted raw silk, used for weft. _Tyrian purple._ A purple colour obtained from certain shell fish, such as Buccinum and Purpura. It is mentioned by Pliny as being discovered in 1400 B.C. It was a lost art in the Middle Ages. _Valonia._ Acorn cups of certain species of oak from South Europe, containing 25-35% of tannic acid. _Vegetable alkali._ Potash. _Verdigris._ Acetate of copper. _Wet out, to._ To damp before putting the yarn or cloth into the dye. BIBLIOGRAPHY A profitable Boke. (On Dyeing.) Translated from the Dutch. 1583. Bancroft, Edward. The Philosophy of Permanent Colours. 1794. Berthollet. The Art of Dyeing. 1824. Bird, F. J. The Dyer's Handbook. 1875. Bolton, Clement. A Manual of Wool Dyeing. 1913. Boulger, Professor G. S. The Uses of plants. 1889. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 1830. Dyeing. Crook, W. Dyeing and Tissue Printing. 1882. Darwin and Meldola. Woad. ("Nature," Nov. 12, 1896.) Edge, Alfred. Some British Dye Lichens. (Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. May, 1914.) Edmonston, T. "On the Native Dyes of the Shetland Islands." (Transactions of Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 1, 1841.) English Encyclopaedia. Dyeing. 1802.