A number of clergymen besides Dr Thirlwall have shown an able grasp of classical history. Dr Arnold wrote a "History of Rome," based on Niebuhr, which, although interesting, is scarcely worthy of so great a man. =Charles Merivale (1808-1893)=, Dean of Ely, wrote an admirable summary of Roman history from the foundation of the city in B.C. 753 to the fall of Augustulus in A.D. 476; but his great work is the "History of the Romans under the Empire," which is indispensable for a thorough appreciation of Gibbon. =Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868)=, Dean of St Paul's, did good service to historical scholarship by his edition of Gibbon's pre-eminent work, and by his own "History of the Jews," "History of Christianity under the Empire," and "Latin Christianity." The nine volumes of this last were called by Dean Stanley "a complete epic and philosophy of mediæval Christianity." Milman is said to have described himself as "the last learned man in the Church," but in the presence of so eminent a scholar as =Mandell Creighton (1843- )=, Bishop of London, the statement is meaningless. Dr Creighton's great work, "A History of the Papacy From the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome," is of the highest value in the consecutive study of European history; and so also is the work of another clergyman, =George William Kitchin (1827- )=, Dean of Durham, whose "History of France previous to the Revolution," is very attractively written. A writer who generalises freely from the facts of history, and whose generalisations were once very popular, and, according to Sir Mackenzie Wallace, are still widely read in Russia, was =Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-1862)=, who published in 1857 the first volume of the "History of Civilisation in England;" a second volume appeared in 1861, but the author died before he had completed his intended undertaking. Buckle unduly emphasises the influence of national and moral laws upon the progress of civilisation, minimises the influence of individuals, and overlooks the momentous action of heredity. A writer of equal importance with Buckle was =John Addington Symonds (1840-1893)=, whose "Renaissance in Italy" is a work of great literary merit, and whose translation of Cellini's "Autobiography" has superseded Roscoe's.