Beagle Expedition (1831-1836); Geology -- South America; Volcanoes
globulaire” in every, even the most trifling particular, might have
been written for the little brown sphaerulitic globules of the rocks of
Ascension.
From the close similarity in so many respects, between the obsidian
formations of Hungary, Mexico, Peru, and of some of the Italian
islands, with that of Ascension, I can hardly doubt that in all these
cases, the obsidian and the sphaerulites owe their origin to a
concretionary aggregation of the silica, and of some of the other
constituent elements, taking place whilst the liquified mass cooled at
a certain required rate. It is, however, well-known, that in several
places, obsidian has flowed in streams like lava; for instance, at
Teneriffe, at the Lipari Islands, and at Iceland. (For Teneriffe see
von Buch “Descript. des Isles Canaries” pages 184 and 190; for the
Lipari Islands see Dolomieu “Voyage” page 34; for Iceland see Mackenzie
“Travels” page 369.) In these cases, the superficial parts are the most
perfectly glassy, the obsidian passing at the depth of a few feet into
an opaque stone. In an analysis by Vauquelin of a specimen of obsidian
from Hecla, which probably flowed as lava, the proportion of silica is
nearly the same as in the nodular or concretionary obsidian from
Mexico. It would be interesting to ascertain, whether the opaque
interior portions and the superficial glassy coating contained the same
proportional constituent parts: we know from M. Dufrenoy (“Memoires
pour servir a une Descript. Geolog. de la France” tome 4 page 371.)
that the exterior and interior parts of the same stream of lava
sometimes differ considerably in their composition. Even should the
whole body of the stream of obsidian turn out to be similarly composed
with nodular obsidian, it would only be necessary, in accordance with
the foregoing facts, to suppose that lava in these instances had been
erupted with its ingredients mixed in the same proportion, as in the
concretionary obsidian.
LAMINATION OF VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE TRACHYTIC SERIES.
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