Malabar is inhabited not only by Pagan Indians, who are aborigines there, but also by Mahometans, Christians and Jews. The Mahometans and Jews both came from other countries; but the Christians are in part the original inhabitants of India. The different tribes of people still existing in India are: 1. The _original Pagan Indians_. They live in a state of oppression from foreigners, and form the greater part of the inhabitants. 2. The _Mahometan Arabs_. These came to India under the Caliph _Valid_, in the ninetieth year of the Hegira, or the year 710 of the Christian æra: their descendants are called _Afguans_ or _Aghuans_; in the Indian language _Patans_: they are a brave warlike people, and once made themselves masters of the city of Delhi[60]. 3. The _Mappulians_. These are the descendants of Arabian merchants, who, in the eighth century established themselves on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, and married native Indians. 4. The _Tatars_, or _Tartars_, who came to this country in 1398, with the conqueror Timur Bec. From these are descended the Mogul emperors, and in general all the Moguls who have existed to the present time in India. 5. The _Christians_. These are partly the descendants of those original inhabitants of the land who were converted to the Christian faith by the apostle Thomas, and partly other Christians who went from Mesopotamia and Chaldea to India, and with whom the whole coast of Malabar is at present filled. 6. The _Ghaurs_, _Gebers_, or worshippers of Fire, who, being expelled from Persia, emigrated to India about the year 630 of the Christian æra, and settled at Surat, Tatta, Bombay, and other parts of Malabar. 7. The _Seiks_. These worship the only true God, and acknowledge as their chief a Patriarch of their own nation, who has made himself master of the city of _Lahur_ or _Laor_. 8. The _Jews_. These people came to India from Persia, after they had been freed from their servitude by Cyrus, about 540 years before the birth of Christ. So at least we are told by a tradition of the Jews who reside at Cochin on the coast of Malabar. It is, however, more probable that they belong to the remainder of those Jewish people who continued in Persia; who were consequently separated from the rest of the tribes, and who, after the downfall of the Persian empire, about 500 years before Christ, fled to India[61]. 9. The _Portuguese_. They went to India in the year 1498, under the reign of the Mogul emperor Akbar, and are still in possession of Goa, and some small places belonging to it. 10. The _Dutch_. In 1603 they established themselves in the island of Ceylon, and about the year 1658 began gradually to make themselves masters of the Portuguese settlements. 11. The _English_. They were at first merchants; but became warriors, and subdued the kingdom of Bengal[62].