The Pendulum Anemometer (Fig. 56) shows in a simple manner the direction and pressure of the wind. The peculiarly shaped vane ensures the surface of the swinging pressure plate B being always kept towards the wind. The pendulum plate hangs, during a calm, quite vertically, indicating zero, and as the pressure increases it will be raised through all degrees of elevation from 1 to 12. The vane is perforated with holes large enough to be visible at some distance from the ground, the 5 and 10 being specially larger, so that the angle to which the pressure plate is raised can be quickly noted. [Illustration: 55. Compass Bearings. Scale about 1/20.] There is a simple contrivance (for the convenience of travellers) called a Portable Wind Vane, or Anemometer, It is furnished with a compass and bar needle, &c., and will tell the true direction of the wind to within a half point. [Illustration: 56. Prestel’s Pendulum Anemometer. Scale about 1/12.] [Illustration: 57. Lind’s Anemometer. Scale about 1/5.] Lind’s Anemometer or Wind Gauge ranks among the earliest forms of instruments designed to estimate the force of the wind. It consists of a glass syphon, the limbs of which are parallel to each other, mounted on a vertical rod, on which it freely oscillates by the action of the vane which surmounts it. The upper end of one limb of the syphon is bent outward at right angles to the main direction, and the action of the vane keeps this open end of the tube always towards the quarter from whence the wind blows. Between the limbs of the syphon is placed a scale graduated from 0 to 3 in inches and 10ths, the zero being in the centre of the scale. When the instrument is used, it is only necessary to fill the tube with water to the zero of the scale, and then expose it to the wind. The natural consequence of wind acting on the surface of the water is to depress it in one limb and raise it in the other, and the sum of the depression and elevation is the height of a column of water which the wind is capable of sustaining at the time of observation. Sudden gusts of wind are apt to produce a jumping effect on the water in the tube, and to diminish this the bend of the syphon is contracted. A brass plate is attached to the foot of the instrument, bearing the letters indicating the cardinal points of the compass, to show the direction of the wind. Dr. Robinson, of Armagh, introduced an instrument, in 1850, which consists of four hemispherical copper cups attached to the arms of a metal cross. The vertical axis upon which these are secured has at its lower extremity an endless screw placed in gear with a train of wheels and pinions. Each wheel is graduated respectively to 1/10th, 1 mile, 10 miles, 100 miles, 1,000 miles, and these revolve behind a fixed index, the readings of which are taken according to the indications on the dials.