An article of Canadian production is worth, at Montreal, twenty dollars, and, from the expenses of transportation, thirty dollars at New York. A similar article of New York manufacture costs forty dollars. What is our course under these circumstances? First, we impose a duty of at least ten dollars on the Canadian article, so as to raise its price to a level with that of the New York one--the government, withal, paying numerous officials to attend to the levying of this duty. The article thus pays ten dollars for transportation, and ten for the tax. This done, we say to ourselves: Transportation between Montreal and New York is very dear; let us spend two or three millions in railways, and we will reduce it one-half. Evidently the result of such a course will be to get the Canadian article at New York for thirty-five dollars, viz.: 20 dollars--price at Montreal. 10 " duty. 5 " transportation by railway. -- 35 dollars--total, or market price at New York. Could we not have attained the same end by lowering the tariff to five dollars? We would then have-- 20 dollars--price at Montreal. 5 " duty. 10 " transportation on the common road. -- 35 dollars--total, or market price at New York. And this arrangement would have saved us the $2,000,000 spent upon the railway, besides the expense saved in custom-house surveillance, which would of course diminish in proportion as the temptation to smuggling would become less. But it is answered: The duty is necessary to protect New York industry. So be it; but do not then destroy the effect of it by your railway. For if you persist in your determination to keep the Canadian article on a par with the New York one at forty dollars, you must raise the duty to fifteen dollars, in order to have:-- 20 dollars--price at Montreal. 15 " protective duty. 5 " transportation by railway. -- 40 dollars--total, at equalized prices. And I now ask, of what benefit, under these circumstances, is the railway? Frankly, is it not humiliating to the nineteenth century, that it should be destined to transmit to future ages the example of such puerilities seriously and gravely practised? To be the dupe of another, is bad enough; but to employ all the forms and ceremonies of representation in order to cheat oneself--to doubly cheat oneself, and that too in a mere numerical account--truly this is calculated to lower a little the pride of this _enlightened age_. CHAPTER X. RECIPROCITY. We have just seen that all which renders transportation difficult, acts in the same manner as protection; or, if the expression be preferred, that protection tends towards the same result as all obstacles to transportation.