=The Leading Facts.= _1._ Hayes studied law, and served in the Civil War. _2._ He was elected to Congress while still in the field. _3._ He received only one more vote than Tilden for President. _4._ He was wise and fair in his treatment of the South. _5._ Garfield was a poor boy who had to work hard for an education. _6._ He was a war veteran and was elected senator before becoming President. _7._ His remarkable ability as an orator caused him to be nominated for the presidency. _8._ His assassination helped to bring civil service reform. _9._ Arthur when President, worked for a larger navy. _10._ He supported civil service against the spoils system. _11._ Cleveland, after being mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York, was elected President twice, though not in succession. _12._ A severe panic occurred while he was President. _13._ Harrison studied law, and became a general during the Civil War. _14._ His election was like that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison. _15._ Changes in the tariff and in pension laws took place during his presidency. _16._ At the following election the farmers and those favoring silver money combined in the Populist party, reducing the Republican vote and causing the election of Cleveland. =Study Questions.= _1._ Tell something of Hayes' early life. _2._ How did he come to be chosen Congressman? _3._ What was unusual about his election to the presidency? _4._ How was his election accepted by the country? _5._ What kind of a President did he make? _6._ What can you tell of Garfield's youth? _7._ What positions did he hold before becoming President? _8._ What brought about his nomination? _9._ What reform did the nation demand after Garfield's assassination? _10._ What two things did Arthur work for? _11._ What positions did Cleveland hold? _12._ Name two important things that happened while he was President. _13._ Tell something of Harrison's career and election. _14._ What was done about the tariff and pensions during his presidency? _15._ Why was Harrison defeated by Cleveland in the next election? =Suggested Readings.= Higginson, _History of the United States_, 330-347; Guerber, _Story of the Great Republic_, 281-285, 288-293. THE BEGINNING OF EXPANSION ABROAD WILLIAM McKINLEY AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR [Sidenote: =William McKinley, 1843=] [Sidenote: =Teaches school=] =181. William McKinley.= William McKinley was born in Ohio in 1843. As a boy his chief delight was to roam the fields and woods surrounding Niles, his home town, or to fish in the fine streams near by. When he was about nine years old his parents moved to Poland, Ohio, where there were good schools for children. McKinley studied hard, and at seventeen years of age entered Allegheny College at Meadville, Pennsylvania. But his health had never been very good and he fell ill from hard study. He returned to Poland, and there a little later he taught school.