=The Leading Facts.= _1._ What Italy looks like on the map. _2._ Romulus and Remus. _3._ The founding of Rome; the six kings. _4._ A republic with "consuls" and "senators." _5._ The story of Horatius; of Cincinnatus. Our Cincinnatus. _6._ The first quarrel, and the removal to the second hill. _7._ The capture of Rome by the Gauls; the Gauls become Romans. _8._ Rome and Carthage rivals. _9._ Quarrel over Sicily. _10._ Hannibal takes a great oath. _11._ Hannibal's army. _12._ How it reached Italy and how long it remained. _13._ Hannibal's victory at Cannae. _14._ The Romans invade Carthage and defeat Hannibal at Zama. _15._ How Rome defeated the phalanx. _16._ Romans before conquests a simple people. _17._ Effect on the Romans of conquering the world. _18._ Second great contest between rich and poor. _19._ The Gracchi to the rescue. _20._ Death of the Gracchi and why they are remembered. =Study Questions.= _1._ Why did the Romans believe the story of Romulus and Remus? _2._ Tell the story of Horatius and Cincinnatus. Which do you like best? _3._ Tell the origin of the word "veto." _4._ Who was Hannibal and how could he stay so long in Italy with his army? _5._ Who built Carthage? _6._ Describe the battle of Cannae. _7._ Why did the Romans scatter salt over the ground where Carthage stood? _8._ How did Rome overcome the Macedonian phalanx? _9._ What bad effect did the world conquest have upon Rome? _10._ Tell the story of the Gracchi. =Suggested Readings.= Tappan, _The Story of the Roman People_, 1-122; Yonge, _Young Folks' History of Rome_, 13-202; Harding, _The City of the Seven Hills_, 7-165; Lang, _The Red Book of Heroes_, 43-94; Guerber, _The Story of the Romans_; Mace-Tanner, _Old Europe and Young America_, 74-93. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BECOMES THE ROMAN EMPIRE [Sidenote: =Conditions that favored Caesar=] =283. The Rise of Julius Caesar.= When a country is torn by quarrels between rich and poor, very often some great man rises, seizes the government, and rules the country himself. He may use the army in compelling all parties to submit quietly to his rule. So it was in Rome. Caesar was "tall and erect, with hooked nose, and piercing glance." He made the common people believe him to be their friend. They probably thought that he was another Gracchus. [Sidenote: =Governor of Gaul=] =284. Caesar Governor of Gaul.= Caesar was chosen consul, and then later made governor of Gaul. In Gaul the people were half savage and were constantly fighting. They made friends with Caesar because he helped them defeat the Germans. The Germans were carrying fire and sword into Gaul until Caesar put them to rout. [Sidenote: =War with the Gauls=]