(3) God cannot be propitiated by the gifts of the wicked. 905 D (... ‘For I think that we have sufficiently proved’ ...) –907 D (... ‘will not discredit the lawgiver.’) _Book xi._ (1) The evils of retail trade, and the cure of them. 918 A (‘After the practices of adulteration’ ...) –919 C (... ‘shamelessness and meanness.’) (2) The honour of parents. 930 E (‘Neither God, nor a man’ ...) –932 A (... ‘to what has now been said.’...) _Book xii._ (1) The good state in its intercourse with the world. 949 E (‘Now a state’ ...) –951 C (... ‘is ill-conducted.’) (2) The Burial of the Dead. 958 C (‘Thus a man is born’ ...) –960 A (... ‘a fitting penalty.’...) CHAPTER VIII ARISTOTLE (384–322 B. C.) =Aristotle in the Academy and Lyceum.= Many notable pupils gathered around Plato during his mastership of more than forty years. Plato’s nephew, Speusippus, succeeded him as leader of the Academy, and for the next three hundred and fifty years the Academy is called by various names. It is the Older Academy under Speusippus and later; then it is known as the Middle Academy; and then, about 120 B. C., it is known as the New Academy. The history of the Academy is, however, a part of the Hellenic-Roman Period. It is sufficient to say here that the leaders succeeding Plato in the Academy added but little to philosophical speculation, although much to empirical research. The important fact is that the sceptre in philosophy passed from the Academy when Plato died and his greatest pupil Aristotle left it. Just as Plato stood among the pupils of Socrates as Socrates’ most discriminating interpreter, so among the pupils of Plato there was one preëminent pupil,――Aristotle. Aristotle was too great a man to be subordinated to the leadership of Speusippus. Upon the death of Plato he left the Academy, and fourteen years later he returned to Athens and founded the Lyceum, which became under his mastership the most influential Athenian school. The Lyceum was an inclosed space of ground, like the Academy. It was situated just outside the walls of Athens, on the right bank of the Ilissus. It was dedicated to Apollo, decorated with fountains, gardens, and buildings, and contained one of the great gymnasia of Athens. It was frequented by philosophers, and is known to have been the favorite walk of Aristotle and his pupils, whence they got their name of Peripatetics. Theophrastus, the most eminent pupil of Aristotle, bought a property near the grove and bequeathed it to the school. It was a religious foundation, like the Academy. The method of choosing the scholarchs varied at different times. The name Lyceum is from the same root as Lycian, and was given to Aristotle’s school from the fact that the grove was dedicated to the Lycian Apollo.