52 – There is this difference between Augustine’s position and that of Descartes. Augustine’s _Quod si fallor, sum_ is a refutation of the doctrine of probability of the Academy, not a demonstration; Descartes’ _Cogito, ergo sum_ is positive,――a subtle but an important difference between the two thinkers. 53 – Harnack, _Hist. of Dogma_, vol. v, p. 337. 54 – Harnack, _Hist. of Dogma_, vol. v, p. 112, n. 4. 55 – Harnack, vol. vi, p. 7. 56 – Glaber, _Hist._, lib. III, 4. 57 – In this period the conceptualists were confused with nominalists and called nominalists. 58 – Historians are attaching more importance than formerly to Constantinople as an intellectual centre of that time. 59 – Read on this point Seignobos, _Hist. of Mediæval Civilization_, pp. 117 f. 60 – Read Emerton, _Mediæval Europe_, pp. 358–397; Adams, _Civilization during the Middle Ages_, pp. 258–278. 61 – THE CRUSADES _Major Crusades_ First Crusade, 1096–1099 Second Crusade, 1147–1149 Third Crusade, 1189–1192 Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204 Children’s Crusade, 1212 _Minor Crusades_ Fifth Crusade, 1216–1220 Sixth Crusade, 1228–1229 Seventh Crusade, 1248–1254 Eighth Crusade, 1270–1272 It will be noted that five of these nine Crusades occurred within thirty years of the year 1200. The First Crusade resulted in the capture of Jerusalem and the founding of a kingdom. The other Crusades were directly or indirectly concerned with the defense or recapture of that kingdom. 62 – Read Norton, _Readings in the Hist. of Education_, pp. 102–103. 63 – Dante in _De Monarchia_ did not share in Thomas’s subordination of the state to the church. Both Dante and Thomas believed that destiny lies in the race, but the great poet regarded man as destined equally for earthly and heavenly happiness. To Dante the church and the state are powers of like authority. 64 – Dante follows Thomas in placing the intellectual virtues above the practical, and in pointing to the intellectual intuition of God as the goal of human attainment. Beatrice is Dante’s expression of this ideal. 65 – De Wulf, _Hist. of Mediæval Phil._, p. 323.