Gall (Franz Joseph), founder of phrenology, b. Baden, 6 March, 1758. He practised as a physician in Vienna, devoting much time to the study of the brain, and began to lecture on craniology in that city. In 1802 he was prohibited from lecturing. He joined Dr. Spurzheim and they taught their system in various cities of Europe. Died at Paris, 22 Aug. 1828. Galton (Francis), grandson of Erasmus Darwin, was born in 1822. Educated at Birmingham, he studied medicine at King's College, London, and graduated at Cambridge, '24. In '48 and '50 he travelled in Africa. He wrote a popular Art of Travel, and has distinguished himself by many writings bearing on heredity, of which we name Hereditary Genius, '69, English Men of Science, '70. In his Inquiries into Human Faculty and Developement, '83, he gives statistical refutation of the theory of prayer. Mr. Galton was Secretary of the British Association from '63-68, President of the Geographical Section in '62 and '72, and of the Anthropological Section in '77 and '85. He is President of the Anthropological Institute. Gambetta (Léon Michel), French orator and statesman, b. Cahors, 30 Oct. 1838. His uncle was a priest and his father wished him to become one. Educated at a clerical seminary, he decided to study for the law. In '59 he was enrolled at the bar. His defence of Delescluze (14 Nov. 1868), in which he vigorously attacked the Empire, made him famous. Elected to the Assembly by both Paris and Marseilles, he became the life and leader of the Opposition. After Sedan he proclaimed the Republic and organised the national defences, leaving Paris, then invested by the Germans, in a balloon. From Tours he invigorated every department, and was the inspiration of the few successes won by the French. Gambetta preserved the Republic against all machinations, and compelled MacMahon to accept the second of the alternatives, "Se soumettre ou se demettre." He founded the Republique Française, and became President of the Chamber. Gambetta was a professed disciple of Voltaire, an admirer of Comte, and an open opponent of clericalism. All the members of his Cabinet were Freethinkers. Died 31 Dec. 1882. His public secular funeral was one of the largest gatherings ever witnessed. Gambon (Ferdinand Charles), French Communist, b. Bourges, 19 March, 1820. In 1839 he became an Advocate, and he founded the Journal des Ecoles. In '48 he was elected representative. The Empire drove him into exile, he returned at amnesty of '59. In '69 he refused to pay taxes. In '71 was elected deputy at Paris, and was one of the last defenders of the Commune. Imprisoned, he was released in '82. Formed a League for abolishing standing army. Died 17 Sept. 1887.