Iron Cramps used in bridges, Roman, 172-3; Babylonian, 274-5; modern, 283. Hosking has many good remarks on the subject of cramps and joggles. He says (p. 208): “It is very desirable that all the archstones of a large and flat arch should be dowel-joggled in the beds; but as the usual dowel-joggle cannot be introduced with the key-course, plugs of proportionate size must be used instead, and the stones may, besides, be cramped together. In arches of small size, or in large ones of quick sweep, joggling may not be so desirable as in those of large size and flat sweep; though it is to be understood that in any case both joggles and cramps should be considered as surplusage, and as precautions merely, to counteract the effect of any imperfections in the work from want of fulness in any of the stones in an arch, or otherwise. In building London Bridge iron bars were let into the back ends or tails of the archstones, and run with lead as cramps or transverse ties in several courses, and they do not appear to have produced any injurious effect, though it may be questioned how far they are of any use. They ought not to be of any use.” Viollet-le-Duc went further than this; he regarded iron cramps in a stone bridge as likely to be injurious. ISEMBERT, the French bridge-builder who undertook the finishing of London Bridge after the death of Peter Colechurch, 218. ISFAHAN, PERSIA, THE BRIDGES OF, 44, 187, 212, 213, 214, 215, 268-70. “ITHE,” suggested pronoun for any bridge which is not masculine enough to be called “he,” nor neutral enough to be described as “it,” 294. “ITSHE,” suggested pronoun for any bridge which is not feminine enough to be called “she,” nor neutral enough to be described as “it.” Criticism of art would be aided greatly by these pronouns. For instance, our poets of to-day give us a great deal of inspiration that belongs to the “itshe” class, 294. JACKSON, O. M., THE REV., on Chinese bridges, 126-7, 145, 248, 315, 347. JANICULINE BRIDGE, Rome, 197. JEBB’S “By Desert Ways to Baghdad,” 202. JENKIN, PROFESSOR FLEEMING, on the elliptical arches in the Bridge of Avignon, 81; on Trajan’s bridge over the Danube, 130; on American timber bridges, 143; on the defects of metal suspension bridges, 144 _footnote_; on Colechurch and Bénézet, 217; on cofferdams, 253 _footnote_; on the insufficient width of New London Bridge, 257; on the covered bridge at Pavia, 308; on Telford’s bridge at Craigellachie, 349. JHELUM, RIVER, in Kashmír, and its primitive bridges, 71, 72, 73. JOLLY MILLER’S BRIDGE over the Dee, 305 _footnote_. JONES, INIGO, his bridge at Llanrwst, 282, and _footnote_. JUSSERAND, J. J., his book on “English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages,” 40, 49, 50, 98, 99, 100. KAPELLBRUCKE, Lucerne, 292.