VIOLLET-LE-DUC, EUGÈNE EMMANUEL, French architect and historian of architecture, _b._ 1814--_d._ 1879. Gaulish bridges, 70, 71; _arcs doubleaux_, or ribbed arches, 94, 95; the millers’ bridge at Meaux, 223; some other mill bridges, 224; on the shape of cutwaters, 262; on the martial bridge at Saintes, 300, 301. VISCONTI, BERNABÒ, founder of the bridge at Trezzo, 309. VISCONTI, GIAN GALEAZZO, founder of the covered bridge at Pavia, 308. VITRUVIUS, 190. VOLCANOES, their lava hardened into a thick crust over many gaps in the land forming slab-bridges, 124. VOUSSOIRS, or archstones; they form the compressed arc called the ring. WAKEFIELD BRIDGE and her Chapel, 209, 226-30. WALES, her bridges, 45, 46; see also “Brecon,” “Llangollen,” “Pont-y-Pant,” and “Pont-y-Prydd.” WALLA BROOK, Dartmoor, 60, 100. WALLINGFORD BRIDGE had a Chapel, 231. WALTHAM ABBEY AND HAROLD’S BRIDGE, 163. WAR, every sort of human enterprise must be a phase of war, for it claims a battle-toll of killed and wounded and maimed; strife everywhere is the historian of life, vii; examples of this truth chosen from the illusion named Peace, 17, 33-6; see also “Strife and Historic Bridges,” 14-52. WAR, THE PRESENT GREAT, against Germany and Austria, vii, 33 _footnote_, 350, 358-61. WAR-BRIDGES, vii; a broken one of the XIII century at Narni in Italy, 14, 277-8; a fine one of the XIV century at Orthez in France, 18, 278-9; how war-bridges originated, 118-19; Roman examples at Mérida, 182, and Alcantarilla, 367; the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 254-6; Würzburg Bridge in Bavaria, 259; the drawbridge of Old London Bridge, 260-1; Warkworth Bridge, 261-2; Pont Valentré at Cahors, 263-4, 282-5; in Bhutan, India, 272 _et seq._; at Sospel, 276; Monnow Bridge at Monmouth, 281-2; the Alcántara at Toledo, 285 _et seq._; Puente de San Martin at Toledo, 287-9; defensive bridges in Flemish towns, 289-91; covered defensive bridges of timber, 291-3; Pont St. Esprit over the Rhône, 293-8; Ponte Nomentano in the Campagna, 298-300; at Laroque, near Cahors, 300; the bridge at Saintes in France, destroyed in 1843, 300-1; the evolution from fortified bridges into defenceless viaducts, Chapter V; new battle-bridges essential, 355-61. WARKWORTH BRIDGE, 93, 258, 261-2. WARRINGTON BRIDGE, its date, 250 _footnote_. WATERLOO BRIDGE, London, 325-6. WATERMILLS ON BRIDGES, 209, 223-4; see also the picture of Millau Bridge facing page 352. WAYSIDE SHRINES, 207, 230, 236, 246-7. WEAVERS’ BRIDGE, Wycollar, Lancashire, 60-3. WELLINGTON, DUKE OF, how he repaired the broken arch of the Puente Trajan over the Tagus, 16, 186; at Toulouse, 280; on blowing up modern bridges, 359.