[43] Professor Fleeming Jenkin’s “Essay on Bridges.” [44] For criss-cross piers, see Index. [45] Forked boughs were used in the building of roofed walls, and bent trees in the building of gabled cabins. [46] Sir Ray Lankester, “Daily Telegraph,” August 27, 1913, p. 6. [47] Robert Munro’s “Archæology and False Antiquities,” p. 12. [48] Tacitus remarks of these wild tribesmen: “They are accustomed to make artificial caves in the ground, and they cover them with great heaps of dung, so as to form a shelter during the winter, and a storehouse for the produce of the fields. For in such dwellings they moderate excessive cold, and if at any time an enemy should come, he ravages the parts that he can see, but either discovers not such places as are invisible, and subterraneous, or else the delay which search would cause is a protection to the inmates.” [49] Boyd Dawkins, “The British Lake Village,” 1895; Sidney O. Addy, “The Evolution of the English House”; “The Times,” September 19, 1895; “Manchester Guardian,” September 22, 1896; and A. Bulleid, “Somersetshire Arch. and Nat. Hist. Society’s Proceedings,” 1894, reprinted in 1895. [50] The making of a Roman road was a formidable enterprise. H. M. Scarth, in his “Roman Britain,” relates how a portion of the Fosse Road at Radstock, about ten miles south-west of Bath, was opened in February, 1881, and that its work showed the following details in constructive method. 1. Pavimentum, or foundation, fine earth, hard beaten in. 2. Statumen, or bed of the road, composed of large stones, sometimes mixed with mortar. 3. Ruderatio, or small stones well mixed with mortar. 4. Nucleus, formed by mixing lime, chalk, and pounded brick or tile; or gravel, sand, and lime mixed with clay. 5. Upon this completed foundation the _summum dorsum_, or surface of the paved road, was laid with infinite care. So the men of a day built roads for the centuries, and were proud to be servants to the unborn. [51] Professor Fleeming Jenkin. If any reader wants to continue the study of timber bridges, let him turn to Colonel Emy and to the huge volumes compiled and edited by Hosking. But it is clear enough that timber bridges belong to the past; in these days they are ludicrously out of joint with the needs of social life, owing to the rapid advance which “progress” has made in artillery, in high explosives, in airships, and in aeroplanes.