In Galicia and in Bukowina, the foresters meet as a section of the Society for Soil Culture. The same method of forming forestry sections of the agricultural societies is followed in other parts of the empire, and at least a dozen or more other local foresters’ associations might be mentioned, in which owners of forest properties are as fully represented as professional foresters; and their activity is not only to be found in literary labors, but also in practical work. In addition to the meetings of these local societies, representative congresses have met annually at Vienna since 1876, and have become powerful agents for improving legislation and practice. * * * * * Although, as was natural, owing to the difference in conditions the forestry literature in Austria began much later than that of Germany, a very active progress is noticeable since the middle of the last century, and the Austrians are vying successfully with the Germans in this direction. The names of _Fioceli_, _Pokorny_, _Böhm_, _Wiesner_, _Molish_, _Willkomm_, _Hempel_ and _Kerner_ in the direction of forest botany, _Wessely_, _von Lorenz-Liburnau_, _Feistmantel_, _Dimitz_, _Wachtl_ (Entomology), _Dombrowski_ (encyclopedia 1886), _Exner_, _Janka_ (wood technology), _Guttenberg_ (forest mensuration and regulation), _von Seckendorff_, _Schiffel_ (forest mensuration), _Cieslar_, _Reuss_, _Böhmerle_, _Hufnagl_, _Marchet_, and many others are familiar to all German readers. In addition a very considerable literature in the Bohemian language is in existence, some in the Italian by Austrian authors, and some in the Slavonian. The magazine literature began with publications by various forestry associations which became active after 1848. At the present time weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, yearly and irregular publications to the number of not less than 14 in German, in addition to several in Bohemian, may be counted, among which the monthly _Centralblatt für das Gesammte Forstwesen_, in existence since 1875, and the weekly _Oesterreichische Forstzeitung_, since 1883, are perhaps the most widely known. HUNGARY. Hungary is mainly a fertile plain, traversed by the Danube and Theiss, an agricultural country, with the forest confined to the hilly portions, to the mountainous southern provinces of Slavonia and Croatia, and to the Carpathians, which bound it on the north and east. Nevertheless, while wood in the plain is scarce, the total forest area, including that of the two mentioned provinces, is but little less than that of Austria proper, namely, 23,000,000 acres (28%). Large areas of shifting sands, and, along the Danube and Theiss rivers, swamps, partly created by deforestation, are interspersed with the heavy black prairie and compact clay-soils.