The rest of the colonies are being merely exploited. RUSSIA AND FINLAND. _Les Forêts de la Russie, Ministère de l’Agriculture, Paris Exposition Universelle_, 1900, pp. 190, gives a very detailed description of forest conditions, markets and management, with a few historic points. _Russlands Wald_, by F. V. ARNOLD, Berlin, 1893, pp. 526, contains historic notes and a profuse discussion of the law of 1888. _The Industries of Russia: Agriculture and Forestry_, issued by the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Crown Lands, at World’s Columbian Exposition, translated by J. M. CRAWFORD, 1893, contains a chapter on Forestry by ROUDZSKI and SHAFRANOV, professors at the Forest Institute, in 35 pp. Annual reports by the Russian Forest Administration are published since 1866. Four diffuse volumes, by JOHN CROUMBIE BROWN, treat of Russian conditions, namely, _Forests and Forestry in Poland, Lithuania_, etc., 1885; _Finland, its Forests and Forest Management_, 1883; _Forestry and Mining districts of the Ural Mountains_, 1884; _Forests and Forestry of Northern Russia_, 1884. Numerous articles and Reviews by O. GUSE, scattered through the German forestry journals, give insight into Russian forest conditions. An excellent idea of prevailing forestry practice can be gained from an extended article by DR. SCHWAPPACH, _Forstliche Reisebilder aus Russland_ in Zeitschrift für Forst- und Jagdwesen, 1902. For Finland an article by B. ERICSON in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 1896, and another article by P. W. HANNIKAINEN in Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 1892, both native foresters, give considerable information. _Finland: Its Public and Private Economy_, by N. C. FREDERIKSEN, 1902, 306 pp. While Germany and France were forced into the adoption of forest policies through necessity, after the natural woods had been largely destroyed or devastated, Russia started upon a conservative forest management, long before the day of absolute necessity seemed to have arrived. Indeed, even to-day Russia is one of the largest and increasingly growing exporter of forest products in the world, its annual export having grown in the five years, 1903 to 1908, from 4 to 6 million tons and from 35 to 62 million dollars. A vast territory of untouched woods is still at her command, representing roughly two-thirds of the forest area of Europe. * * * * * The vast empire, second only to the British empire in extent, gradually acquired since the 15th century, occupies in Europe (including Finland) somewhat over 2 million square miles with over 120 million inhabitants, and in Asia somewhat over 6.5 million square miles, with only 30 to 40 million people.