In 1899, a change in the permit system was made, but hardly for the better, justices of the peace being empowered, under certain conditions, to issue such permits. Nor do we find in 1901 anything more than expressions of good wishes, and desire for further legislation, besides some attempts at popular education through the formation of tree-planting associations under the patronage of the Crown Princess. In 1905 no change in conditions are reported. Forest fires still continue as a common occurrence. While the government makes efforts to improve conditions, the indifference, stupidity, cupidity, and malevolence of the people, and the long established abuses prevent rapid progress at reform. ITALY. _Bolletino ufficiale per l’amminstrazione forestale Italiana._ _Direzione generale dell’ Agricoltora: Relazione interno all’ amministrazione dei boschi domaniali inalienabili._ Various essays by Prof. VITTORIO PERONA of Vallambrosa in German magazines; notably in _Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung_, 1882, 1888. _Archeologia forestale. Dell’ antica storia e giurisprudenza forestale in Italia._ A. DI BERENGER. 1859. MAFFEI, _Revista forestale_. _Italy._ By Prof. W. DEEKE. 1904. _Il rimboschimento dello Appennino meridionale_, by LUIGI SAVASTANO, 1893. An exceedingly well written popular treatise on silviculture, which gives also briefly insight into forest conditions and forest practices. _I boschia e la nostra politica Italiana_, by BERTAGNOLLI, 1889. _Italia moderna._ 1904, article by LUNADONI. The efforts to secure improvement in the treatment of forest resources have been more active and strenuous in Italy than in Greece. They were induced especially by the urgent need of protecting watersheds, the rivers throughout Italy having been turned into torrents by deforestation. But, owing to the weakness of the government and to poverty, the actual execution of the very good laws has lagged behind. Indeed, while ample legislation has been enacted, the people, overburdened with debt, and needing the small income that can be derived from pasturing or renting the pasture in the woods, make it difficult to carry on any reform, and the enforcement of the laws has again and again led to serious trouble. “Forestry is a sore point in the national economy of Italy, as it involves sacrifice of money and time.” Italy, therefore, is still in the transition period from forestal rapine to forest culture.