[7] The _Monitor_ was designed by John Ericsson, who was born in Sweden in 1803. After serving as an engineer in the Swedish army, he went to England; and then came to our country in 1839. He was the inventor of the first practical screw propeller for steamboats, and by his invention of the revolving turret for war vessels he completely changed naval architecture. His name is connected with many great inventions. He died in 1889. [8] When the Confederates evacuated Norfolk some months later, the _Merrimac_ was blown up. The _Monitor_, in December, 1862, went down in a storm at sea. [9] As the right of a State to secede was not acknowledged, this direct tax of $20,000,000 was apportioned among the Confederate as well as among the Union states. The Confederate states, of course, did not pay their share. [10] Deeds, mortgages, bills of lading, bank checks, patent medicines, wines, liquors, tobacco, proprietary articles, and many other things were taxed. Between 1862 and 1865 about $780,000,000 was raised in this way. [11] Between July 1, 1861, and August 31, 1865, bonds to the amount of $1,109,000,000 were issued and sold. [12] The Legal Tender Act, which authorized the issue of greenbacks, was enacted in 1862, and two years later $449,000,000 were in circulation. The greenbacks could not be used to pay duties on imports or interest on the public debt, which were payable in specie. [13] This paper fractional currency consisted of small paper bills in denominations of 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 50 cents. Read the account in Rhodes's _History of the U. S._, Vol. V, pp. 191-196. [14] In 1902 changed to one hundred per cent. [15] When Sherman was in command at Memphis, a funeral procession was allowed to pass beyond the Union lines. The coffin, however, was full of medicines for the Confederate army. [16] Blankets were sometimes made of cow hair, or long moss from the seaboard, and even carpets were cut up and sent as blankets to the army. [17] The newspapers of the time give evidence of the scarcity of paper. Some are printed on half sheets, a few on brown paper, and some on note paper. [18] Riots of women, prompted by the high prices of food, occurred in Atlanta, Mobile, Richmond, and other places. [19] Read "War Diary of a Union Woman in the South," in the Century Magazine, October, 1889; Rhodes's _History of the U. S._, Vol. V, pp. 348-384. CHAPTER XXXI RECONSTRUCTION THREE ISSUES.--After the collapse of the Confederacy, our countrymen were called on to meet three issues arising directly from the war:-- 1. The first was, What shall be done to destroy the institution of slavery? [1] 2. The second was, What shall be done with the late Confederate states? [2] 3. The third had to do with the national debt and the currency.