[60] Archytas of Tarentum (430-365 B.C.) who wrote on proportions, irrationals, and the duplication of the cube. [61] _The Circle Speaks._ "At first a circle I was called, And was a curve around about Like lofty orbit of the sun Or rainbow arch among the clouds. A noble figure then was I-- And lacking nothing but a start, And lacking nothing but an end. But now unlovely do I seem Polluted by some angles new. This thing Archytas hath not done Nor noble sire of Icarus Nor son of thine, Iapetus. What accident or god can then Have quadrated mine area?" _The Author Replies._ "By deepest mouth of Turia And lake of limpid clearness, lies A happy state not far removed From old Saguntus; farther yet A little way from Sucro town. In this place doth a poet dwell, Who oft the stars will closely scan, And always for himself doth claim What is denied to wiser men;-- An old man musing here and there And oft forgetful of himself, Not knowing how to rightly place The compasses, nor draw a line, As he doth of himself relate. This craftsman fine, in sooth it is Hath quadrated thine area." [62] Pietro Bongo, or Petrus Bungus, was born at Bergamo, and died there in 1601. His work on the Mystery of Numbers is one of the most exhaustive and erudite ones of the mystic writers. The first edition appeared at Bergamo in 1583-84; the second, at Bergamo in 1584-85; the third, at Venice in 1585; the fourth, at Bergamo in 1590; and the fifth, which De Morgan calls the second, in 1591. Other editions, before the Paris edition to which he refers, appeared in 1599 and 1614; and the colophon of the Paris edition is dated 1617. See the editor's _Rara Arithmetica_, pp. 380-383. [63] William Warburton (1698-1779), Bishop of Gloucester, whose works got him into numerous literary quarrels, being the subject of frequent satire. [64] Thomas Galloway (1796-1851), who was professor of mathematics at Sandhurst for a time, and was later the actuary of the Amicable Life Assurance Company of London. In the latter capacity he naturally came to be associated with De Morgan. [65] Giordano Bruno was born near Naples about 1550. He left the Dominican order to take up Calvinism, and among his publications was _L'expulsion de la bete triomphante_. He taught philosophy at Paris and Wittenberg, and some of his works were published in England in 1583-86. Whether or not he was roasted alive "for the maintenance and defence of the holy Church," as De Morgan states, depends upon one's religious point of view. At any rate, he was roasted as a heretic. [66] Referring to part of his _Discours de la methode_, Leyden, 1637. [67] Bartholomew Legate, who was born in Essex about 1575. He denied the divinity of Christ and was the last heretic burned at Smithfield. [68] Edward Wightman, born probably in Staffordshire. He was anti-Trinitarian, and claimed to be the Messiah. He was the last man burned for heresy in England.