[582] His real name was Thomas Vaughan (1622-1666). He was a fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, taking orders, but was deprived of his living on account of drunkenness. He became a mystic philosopher and gave attention to alchemy. His works had a large circulation, particularly on the continent. He wrote _Magia Adamica_ (London, 1650), _Euphrates; or the Waters of the East_ (London, 1655), and _The Chymist's key to shut, and to open; or the True Doctrine of Corruption and Generation_ (London, 1657). [583] Emanuel Swedenborg, or Svedberg (1688-1772) the mystic. It is not commonly known to mathematicians that he was one of their guild, but he wrote on both mathematics and chemistry. Among his works are the _Regelkonst eller algebra_ (Upsala, 1718) and the _Methodus nova inveniendi longitudines locorum, terra marique, ope lunae_ (Amsterdam, 1721, 1727, and 1766). After 1747 he devoted his attention to mystic philosophy. [584] Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827), whose _Exposition du systeme du monde_ (1796) and _Traite de mecanique celeste_ (1799) are well known. [585] See note 117, page 76. [586] John Dalton (1766-1844), who taught mathematics and physics at New College, Manchester (1793-1799) and was the first to state the law of the expansion of gases known by his name and that of Gay-Lussac. His _New system of Chemical Philosophy_ (Vol. I, pt. i, 1808; pt. ii, 1810; vol. II, 1827) sets forth his atomic theory. [587] Howison was a poet and philosopher. He lived in Edinburgh and was a friend of Sir Walter Scott. This work appeared in 1822. [588] He was a shoemaker, born about 1765 at Haddiscoe, and his "astro-historical" lectures at Norwich attracted a good deal of attention at one time. He traced all geologic changes to differences in the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit. Of the works mentioned by De Morgan the first appeared at Norwich in 1822-1823, and there was a second edition in 1824. The second appeared in 1824-1825. The fourth was _Urania's Key to the Revelation; or the analyzation of the writings of the Jews..._, and was first published at Norwich in 1823, there being a second edition at London in 1833. His books were evidently not a financial success, for Mackey died in an almshouse at Norwich. [589] Godfrey Higgins (1773-1833), the archeologist, was interested in the history of religious beliefs and in practical sociology. He wrote _Horae Sabbaticae_ (1826), _The Celtic Druids_ (1827 and 1829), and _Anacalypsis, an attempt to draw aside the veil of the Saitic Isis; or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations, and Religions_ (posthumously published, 1836), and other works. See also page 274, _infra_.